Philosophers

More From Philosophers
Vote for Your Favourite Philosophers

Right IconThis ranking is based on an algorithm that combines various factors, including the votes of our users and search trends on the internet.

 1 
Karl Marx
(Philosopher & Economist - Famous for His Theory of 'Marxism' )
Karl Marx
101
Birthdate: May 5, 1818
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Trier, Germany
Died: March 14, 1883
Karl Marx was a prominent figure known for his contributions to philosophy, political theory, economics, history, sociology, and journalism. His influential works, such as The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, offered critical perspectives on historical materialism and capitalism. The body of his ideas, collectively referred to as Marxism, has played a crucial role in shaping modern intellectual, economic, and political thought. Marx was actively engaged in advocating for revolutionary change, advocating for the working class to dismantle capitalism and create a communist society. His economic theories continue to be relevant in contemporary discussions.
 2 
Friedrich Nietzsche
(German Philosopher, Cultural Critic and Philologist)
Friedrich Nietzsche
63
Birthdate: October 15, 1844
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Röcken, Lützen, Germany
Died: August 25, 1900
Friedrich Nietzsche was a German scholar, philosopher, and cultural critic known for his radical critique of truth, genealogical critique of religion, aesthetic affirmation of life, and concept of the will to power. His work included philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction, highlighting themes of perspectivism, master-slave morality, and the Übermensch. Nietzsche's ideas on individual creative power to challenge societal norms influenced existentialism, postmodernism, and post-structuralism, making a lasting impact on philosophy, art, literature, and popular culture.
 3 
Aristotle
(One of the Greatest Philosophers and the First Genuine Scientist in History)
Aristotle
70
Birthdate: 0384 BC
Birthplace: Stagira, Greece
Died: 0322 BC
Aristotle, an influential Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founded the Peripatetic school of philosophy in Athens. He tutored Alexander the Great and established a library in the Lyceum. Aristotle's extensive writings span natural sciences, philosophy, economics, politics, and more. His teachings synthesized past philosophies and his methods of inquiry left a lasting impact globally. Aristotle's views greatly influenced medieval scholarship, Christian theology, and Islamic philosophy. He is renowned for his mastery of logic and ethics, with his works studied by scholars across history.
 4 
Noam Chomsky
(A Major Figure in Analytic Philosophy Who is Also Known as 'The Father of Modern Linguistics')
Noam Chomsky
109
Birthdate: December 7, 1928
Sun Sign: Sagittarius
Birthplace: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Noam Chomsky, an American professor, is renowned for his groundbreaking work in linguistics, political activism, and social critique. Known as "the father of modern linguistics," he holds the title of laureate professor of linguistics at the University of Arizona and institute professor emeritus at MIT. Chomsky is a prolific author with over 150 books on topics ranging from linguistics to war and politics. He is also recognized as a vocal critic of U.S. foreign policy, contemporary capitalism, and corporate influence in political and media spheres.
 5 
Plato
(Greek Philosopher and Founder of Platonist School)
Plato
35
Birthdate: May 21, 0428
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Classical Athens, Greece
Died: 0348 BC
Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, is well-known for his pivotal role in shaping Western philosophy. He is credited with introducing the theory of forms to tackle the issue of universals. As the creator of the Platonic Academy in Athens, his teachings laid the groundwork for Platonism. Drawing inspiration from pre-Socratic philosophers and working closely with his mentor Socrates and pupil Aristotle, Plato stands as a significant figure in the history of philosophy. His extensive body of work, which has been preserved for over two millennia, continues to influence philosophical, Christian, and Islamic thought.
 6 
Socrates
(Greek Philosopher Who is Credited as the Founder of Western Philosophy)
Socrates
22
Birthdate: 0470 BC
Birthplace: Alopece, Greek
Died: 0399 BC
Socrates, a Greek philosopher, is considered the founder of Western philosophy and one of the first moral philosophers. He did not write any texts, and his teachings are mainly known through the accounts of his students Plato and Xenophon. Socrates engaged in dialogues with others, developing the Socratic method of questioning and Socratic irony. He was a controversial figure in Athenian society and was eventually sentenced to death on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth. His influence extended to later philosophers, medieval and Islamic scholars, the Italian Renaissance, and modern thinkers such as Kierkegaard and Nietzsche.
Recommended Lists:
 7 
Marcus Aurelius
(Philosopher)
Marcus Aurelius
24
Birthdate: April 26, 0121
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Rome, Italy
Died: March 17, 0180
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ruled as a Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and was also known as a Stoic philosopher. During his reign, the Roman Empire engaged in military conflicts with various opponents such as the Parthian Empire, Kingdom of Armenia, Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges. Marcus dealt with challenges like reducing the silver purity of Roman currency and managing the devastating Antonine Plague. His philosophical work "Meditations" is highly regarded as a valuable insight into ancient Stoic philosophy.
 8 
Niccolò Machiavelli
(Diplomat & Philosopher Best Known for His Political Treatise 'The Prince')
Niccolò Machiavelli
29
Birthdate: May 3, 1469
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Florence, Italy
Died: June 22, 1527
Niccolò Machiavelli was a prominent figure in the Italian Renaissance, known for his roles as a diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian. He served as a senior official in the Florentine Republic, handling diplomatic and military affairs. Machiavelli made significant contributions with his political treatise "The Prince," which is considered a foundational work in modern political philosophy and science. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, poetry, and engaged in important correspondence. His insights on politics, including the role of deception and the nature of power, continue to influence scholars and political thinkers today.
 9 
Immanuel Kant
(One of the Greatest Philosophers of All Time)
Immanuel Kant
23
Birthdate: April 22, 1724
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Königsberg, Germany
Died: February 12, 1804
Immanuel Kant, a distinguished German philosopher, is renowned for his extensive contributions in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. His theory of transcendental idealism suggested that space and time serve as intuitive structures shaping our experiences, with objects existing as mere appearances. Kant's influential publication, "Critique of Pure Reason," sought to address skepticism through the concept of a priori cognition. He asserted that reason forms the basis of both morality and aesthetics, and his perspectives on religion and global peace are notable facets of his intellectual legacy.
Recommended Lists:
 10 
John Locke
(English Philosopher and Physician, Popularly Known as the ‘Father of Liberalism’)
John Locke
33
Birthdate: August 29, 1632
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Wrington, Somerset, England
Died: October 28, 1704
John Locke, a renowned English philosopher and physician, is widely recognized as the "father of liberalism". His significant contributions to social contract theory, epistemology, and political philosophy during the Enlightenment era have greatly influenced later philosophers and thinkers including Voltaire, Rousseau, Hume, and Kant. Locke's exploration of the theory of mind, notably his concept of tabula rasa, has had a lasting impact on modern ideas of identity and self. Additionally, his advocacy for private property as a Natural Law principle is a fundamental part of his enduring legacy.
 11 
Confucius
(Chinese Philosopher and Political Theorist)
Confucius
34
Birthdate: 0551 BC
Birthplace: Lu, Shandong, China
Died: April 11, 0479
Confucius, the influential Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period, championed mass education and stressed the importance of personal and governmental morality, harmonious social relationships, righteousness, kindness, sincerity, and a ruler's duty to lead with virtue. He also emphasized filial piety, strong family loyalty, and the Silver Rule. Confucius' teachings gained prominence during the Warring States period and were later officially recognized under Emperor Wu of Han. Over time, Confucianism evolved into Neo-Confucianism and New Confucianism, becoming deeply integrated into Chinese society from ancient dynasties to the present day.
 12 
Voltaire
(French Historian and Philosopher Known for His Wit and His Pointed Social Critique)
Voltaire
30
Birthdate: November 21, 1694
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Paris, France
Died: May 30, 1778
Voltaire was a prominent French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, satirist, and historian celebrated for his wit and criticism of Christianity and slavery. He championed freedom of speech, religion, and the separation of church and state. Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer, creating works in various literary genres such as plays, poems, novels, essays, and histories. With a collection of over 2,000 books and pamphlets, he was one of the first to achieve international recognition and commercial success. His writings boldly confronted intolerance, religious dogma, and societal conventions, most notably in his renowned work, Candide.
Recommended Lists:
 13 
Albert Camus
(Philosopher & Novelist)
Albert Camus
35
Birthdate: November 7, 1913
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Drean, Algeria
Died: January 4, 1960
Albert Camus was a versatile French figure known for his roles as a philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, world federalist, and political activist. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957. Notable works by Camus include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Fall, and The Rebel. He played a significant part during World War II, contributing to the French Resistance and as an editor-in-chief. Camus was politically engaged, opposing totalitarian regimes and promoting European integration. His philosophical outlook had a significant impact on the development of absurdism.
 14 
Adam Smith
(18th Century Scottish Economist Who is Considered the Father of Modern Economics)
Adam Smith
23
Birthdate: June 5, 1723
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland
Died: July 17, 1790
Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher who played a key role in the development of political economy during the Scottish Enlightenment. He is commonly known as "The Father of Economics" and "The Father of Capitalism." Smith wrote important works like The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations, with the latter being regarded as his most significant contribution. He held a professorship at the University of Glasgow, where he taught moral philosophy, and also traveled extensively across Europe, interacting with other prominent thinkers of his era.
 15 
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(Philosopher, Writer, & Composer Whose Political Philosophy Influenced the Progress of the Age of Enlightenment)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
17
Birthdate: June 28, 1712
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Geneva, Switzerland
Died: July 2, 1778
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer whose political philosophy greatly influenced the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. His works, including "Discourse on Inequality" and "The Social Contract," are foundational in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's literary contributions, such as "Julie, or the New Heloise" and "Emile, or On Education," played significant roles in the development of romanticism and educational theories. His autobiographical writings, "Confessions" and "Reveries of the Solitary Walker," reflected the late 18th-century focus on subjectivity and introspection in literature.
Recommended Lists:
 16 
Michel Foucault
(Philosopher & Historian)
Michel Foucault
30
Birthdate: October 15, 1926
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Poitiers, France
Died: June 25, 1984
Paul-Michel Foucault was a renowned French historian of ideas and philosopher recognized for his contributions to theories on power, knowledge, and liberty. He was an author, literary critic, political activist, and educator who resisted classification as structuralist or postmodernist. His impactful body of work influenced numerous academic disciplines, including anthropology, criminology, feminism, psychology, and sociology. Foucault's writings challenged authority and social control, with key works such as "The History of Madness," "Discipline and Punish," and "The History of Sexuality" shedding light on the pervasive role of power in societal structures.
 17 
Bertrand Russell
(Philosopher)
Bertrand Russell
20
Birthdate: May 18, 1872
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Trellech, Monmouthshire, Wales
Died: February 2, 1970
Bertrand Russell was a prominent English mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual who significantly influenced the development of mathematics, logic, set theory, and analytic philosophy. As a leading logician in the early 20th century, he co-founded analytic philosophy alongside other notable figures. Russell's contributions to the field include his work on Principia Mathematica and his essay "On Denoting." He was also known for his pacifism, advocacy for anti-imperialism, promotion of humanitarian ideals, and active involvement in nuclear disarmament efforts. In recognition of his impactful writings, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950.
 18 
Francis Bacon
(Philosopher, Statesman and Lord High Chancellor of England)
Francis Bacon
16
Birthdate: January 22, 1561
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: The Strand, London, England
Died: April 9, 1626
Francis Bacon, an English philosopher and statesman, played crucial roles as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England during the reign of King James I. He championed the use of scientific method in natural philosophy, stressing the significance of inductive reasoning and meticulous observation in acquiring scientific knowledge. Bacon's advocacy for a sceptical and systematic approach formed the basis for the development of the scientific method, which had a profound impact on the Scientific Revolution. He supported libraries and devised a method for organizing books. Bacon's professional legacy includes significant contributions to science, methodology, and literature.
 19 
Ralph Waldo Emerson
(Famous For his Essay 'Nature' and Speech Entitled 'The American Scholar')
Ralph Waldo Emerson
18
Birthdate: May 25, 1803
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Died: April 27, 1882
Ralph Waldo Emerson, also known as Waldo, was a renowned American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, abolitionist, and poet who spearheaded the Transcendentalist movement during the mid-19th century. He advocated for individualism, critical thinking, and challenged societal norms and conformity. Through works such as "Nature," "Essays: First Series," and "Essays: Second Series," Emerson's philosophy emphasized themes of individuality, freedom, and the connection between the soul and the world. His impact on American romanticism and subsequent generations of thinkers, writers, and poets remains significant.
 20 
Slavoj Žižek
(Slovene Philosopher and Cultural Theorist)
Slavoj Žižek
54
Birthdate: March 21, 1949
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Ljubljana, Slovenia
Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian philosopher, cultural theorist, and public intellectual recognized for his contributions to continental philosophy, political theory, film criticism, and theology. He holds the position of international director at the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities at the University of London and is a visiting professor at New York University. Žižek also serves as a senior researcher at the University of Ljubljana's Department of Philosophy. He is associated with the Ljubljana School of Psychoanalysis and is widely known for his book "The Sublime Object of Ideology," which played a key role in introducing their ideas to English-speaking audiences. Žižek's distinct approach, characterized by bold statements, irreverent humor, and references to popular culture, has brought him both acclaim and criticism in academic and public spheres.
 21 
Soren Kierkegaard
(Religious Author Who is Considered to be the First 'Existentialist' Philosopher)
Soren Kierkegaard
13
Birthdate: May 5, 1813
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Copenhagen, Denmark
Died: November 11, 1855
Søren Kierkegaard, a Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author, is widely considered the first existentialist philosopher. He wrote extensively on organized religion, Christianity, morality, psychology, and the philosophy of religion, emphasizing personal choice and commitment. Kierkegaard critiqued state-controlled Christianity, focusing on Christian ethics and the individual's relationship with God. He used pseudonyms to present diverse viewpoints and explored complex problems from different angles. His work on subjective and objective truths, faith, and existentialism had a significant impact on philosophy, theology, and Western culture.
Recommended Lists:
 22 
Thomas Hobbes
(English Philosopher and One of the Founders of Modern Political Philosophy)
Thomas Hobbes
13
Birthdate: April 5, 1588
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Westport, Wiltshire, England
Died: December 4, 1679
Thomas Hobbes, the influential English philosopher, is best known for his work on social contract theory, as detailed in his book Leviathan. He is regarded as a significant figure in modern political philosophy, advocating for governance by an absolute sovereign to maintain social order. Hobbes began his academic journey at Westport and furthered his studies at Oxford University and the University of Cambridge. He worked as a tutor for the Cavendish family, which enabled him to build connections within intellectual circles and travel extensively across Europe. His contributions extended across various fields including history, jurisprudence, geometry, optics, theology, ethics, and philosophy.
 23 
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
(One of the Most Important Figures in German Idealism)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
16
Birthdate: August 27, 1770
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Stuttgart, Germany
Died: November 14, 1831
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a prominent German philosopher known for his significant contributions to German idealism and 19th-century philosophy. Throughout his professional life, he delved into various philosophical domains such as metaphysics, ontology, political philosophy, the philosophy of history, art, and religion. Hegel's influence extended across a broad spectrum of topics, evident in his key works like The Phenomenology of Spirit and The Science of Logic, as well as his renowned lectures at the University of Berlin. He sought to address and reconcile dualisms in modern philosophy by drawing from ancient philosophical traditions, particularly Aristotle.
 24 
Diogenes Of Sinope
(Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy)
Diogenes Of Sinope
11
Birthdate: 0412 BC
Birthplace: Sinop, Turkey
Died: 0323 BC
Diogenes of Sinope, a Greek philosopher and a key figure in the founding of Cynicism, challenged societal norms and institutions by living a minimalist lifestyle. His teachings influenced the development of Stoicism, focusing on practical demonstrations of virtue rather than theoretical discussions. Diogenes was known for his unconventional actions, such as carrying a lamp in daylight to search for an "honest man" and openly criticizing prominent figures like Plato and Alexander the Great. His philosophy prioritized action over theory, emphasizing the importance of living virtuously through practical means.
Recommended Lists:
 25 
David Hume
(Best Known for His Highly Influential System of Philosophical Empiricism, Scepticism and Naturalism)
David Hume
11
Birthdate: April 26, 1711
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Edinburgh, Scotland
Died: August 25, 1776
David Hume was a Scottish philosopher renowned for his empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. He rejected innate ideas, highlighting experience as the primary source of knowledge. Hume asserted that inductive reasoning and causality stem from custom, not rationality. He posited that human behavior is guided by passions rather than reason and that ethics are grounded in emotion. Hume also examined the self as a collection of perceptions and presented a compatibilist view of free will. His ideas had a profound influence across different disciplines and intellectuals.
 26 
Arthur Schopenhauer
(German Philosopher Best Known for His Work ‘The World as Will and Representation’)
Arthur Schopenhauer
13
Birthdate: February 22, 1788
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: Gdańsk, Poland
Died: September 21, 1860
Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher, is renowned for his influential work "The World as Will and Representation." He developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system, rejecting German idealism in favor of transcendental idealism. Schopenhauer was one of the earliest Western philosophers to incorporate ideas from Indian philosophy, including asceticism and the denial of self. His philosophical perspective was marked by pessimism and had a lasting impact on a range of disciplines. His thoughts on aesthetics, morality, and psychology remain influential among thinkers and artists.
 27 
John Stuart Mill
(The Most Influential English-Speaking Philosopher of the Nineteenth Century)
John Stuart Mill
11
Birthdate: May 20, 1806
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Pentonville, London, England
Died: May 7, 1873
John Stuart Mill was an influential English philosopher, economist, politician, and civil servant renowned for his profound impact on liberalism, social theory, political theory, and political economy. He championed individual liberty over state and social control, placing a strong emphasis on freedom. Mill was a notable advocate of utilitarianism and actively participated in discussions on scientific methodology. As a member of the Liberal Party, he endorsed women's rights and played a key role in advocating for women's suffrage. Throughout his professional career, Mill made significant contributions to philosophy and politics, particularly through his groundbreaking feminist writings.
Recommended Lists:
 28 
Avicenna
(Persian polymath the most significant physiciansand writers of the Islamic Golden Age, and the father of early modern medicine.)
Avicenna
12
Birthdate: 0980 AD
Birthplace: Afshona, Uzbekistan
Died: May 31, 1037
Avicenna, a prominent philosopher and physician, served in the courts of various Iranian rulers during the Islamic Golden Age. He is known as the father of early modern medicine, with his influential works, The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, becoming standard texts at medieval universities. Avicenna's extensive corpus covered diverse subjects such as astronomy, alchemy, geography, and poetry, with a significant portion of his works written in Arabic and Persian. Out of the 450 believed works, around 240 have survived, focusing extensively on philosophy and medicine.
 29 
Simone de Beauvoir
(French Existentialist Philosopher, Writer, Social Theorist, and Feminist Activist)
Simone de Beauvoir
41
Birthdate: January 9, 1908
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Paris, France
Died: April 14, 1986
Simone de Beauvoir was a prominent French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist, known for her influential work "The Second Sex." She wrote extensively on philosophy, politics, and social issues, receiving recognition for her literary contributions and being nominated multiple times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Beauvoir's intellectual pursuits and advocacy greatly influenced feminist thought and existentialism.
 30 
Hannah Arendt
(One of the Most Influential Political Theorists of the 20th Century)
Hannah Arendt
25
Birthdate: October 14, 1906
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Linden - Mitte, Hanover, Germany
Died: December 4, 1975
Hannah Arendt was a prominent historian and philosopher known for her influential contributions to political theory in the 20th century. She explored topics such as power, evil, politics, direct democracy, authority, and totalitarianism. Arendt became well-known for her controversial analysis of the trial of Adolf Eichmann, examining how ordinary individuals engage in totalitarian systems. Her works have had a lasting impact and are evident in various scholarly and cultural institutions. Arendt's career path transitioned from academia to writing and editing, establishing her legacy as a significant intellectual figure.
 31 
Baruch Spinoza
(One of the Most Important Philosophers of the Early Modern Period)
Baruch Spinoza
12
Birthdate: November 24, 1632
Sun Sign: Sagittarius
Birthplace: Amsterdam, Netherlands
Died: February 21, 1677
Baruch (de) Spinoza, a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, had a significant impact on modern biblical criticism, rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture during the Age of Enlightenment. Influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, and René Descartes, Spinoza emerged as a prominent philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age. He challenged rabbinic authority, leading to his expulsion from the Jewish community, and devoted himself to philosophical inquiry and lens grinding. Spinoza's notable published works, such as the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus and Ethics, questioned traditional beliefs, promoted individual liberty, and solidified his status as a key figure in Western thought.
 32 
Sun Tzu
(Chinese Military Strategist, Writer and Philosopher)
Sun Tzu
12
Birthdate: 0544 BC
Birthplace: Qi, China
Died: 0496 BC
Sun Tzu, a famous Chinese military general and strategist, is best known for his influential work, The Art of War. He specialized in ancient Chinese military techniques and is credited with developing the doctrine of asymmetrical warfare, which focuses on strategic strikes during times of enemy vulnerability. While his historical background is a topic of debate, some believe he served as a minister during the Warring States period. Sun Tzu's teachings have left a lasting impact on military philosophy in both Eastern and Western cultures, extending beyond warfare to influence fields such as governance, business, and sports.
 33 
Lao Tzu (Laozi)
(Ancient Chinese Philosopher and Writer)
Lao Tzu (Laozi)
11
Birthdate: 0571 BC
Birthplace: Chu, China
Died: 0471 BC
Laozi, a legendary Chinese philosopher, is renowned for composing the Tao Te Ching, a fundamental text of Taoism. Serving as the royal archivist for the Zhou court, he is believed to have crossed paths with Confucius. Revered as the progenitor of Taoism, he is esteemed as an ancestor of the Tang dynasty and venerated in present-day China. Some speculate he transformed into an immortal hermit, while others view the Tao Te Ching as the embodiment of the deity Laojun. His writings have significantly impacted Chinese religious movements and philosophical thought.
 34 
Martin Heidegger
(One of the Most Important and Influential Philosophers of the 20th Century)
Martin Heidegger
18
Birthdate: September 26, 1889
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Messkirch, Germany
Died: May 26, 1976
Martin Heidegger, a prominent German philosopher, made significant contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is recognized for his exploration of technology, Immanuel Kant, metaphysics, and humanism. Considered one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, Heidegger's reputation was overshadowed by controversy stemming from his association with the Nazi Party during his time as rector at the University of Freiburg. Nevertheless, his work in "Being and Time" introduced the concept of Dasein and delved into the fundamental question of being.
 35 
Lucius Annaeus Seneca
(Roman Stoic Philosopher, Statesman and Dramatist)
Lucius Annaeus Seneca
6
Birthdate: 0004 BC
Birthplace: Córdoba, Spain
Died: 0065 AD
Seneca, a Stoic philosopher and writer from Ancient Rome, was a significant figure in post-Augustan Latin literature. He received training in rhetoric and philosophy in Rome and was later exiled to Corsica during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Upon his return, Seneca tutored Nero and served as his advisor, contributing to the efficient governance during the early years of Nero's rule. However, Seneca's influence on Nero diminished over time, and he tragically ended his own life amidst accusations of being part of a plot against Nero.
 36 
John Dewey
(Philosopher)
John Dewey
22
Birthdate: October 20, 1859
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Burlington, Vermont, United States
Died: June 1, 1952
John Dewey was a prominent American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, renowned for his strong advocacy of democracy and progressive educational concepts. He stressed the importance of experimental intelligence and diversity in both educational institutions and society at large. Dewey played a pivotal role in pragmatism and functional psychology, notably contributing to psychology with his work on the reflex arc concept. He was a leading figure in progressive education and liberalism, establishing the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools to implement his innovative teaching methods. Dewey's extensive writings encompassed a wide range of topics including epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, and ethics.
 37 
William James
(Philosopher, Psychologist)
William James
12
Birthdate: January 11, 1842
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: New York City, New York, United States
Died: August 26, 1910
William James, an influential American philosopher and psychologist, greatly contributed to the development of psychology in the United States. He was a pioneering educator in offering the first psychology course in the country and is recognized as a prominent thinker of the late 19th century. James, alongside Charles Sanders Peirce, founded pragmatism and functional psychology. His extensive body of work has left a lasting impact on numerous philosophers and academics, covering diverse subjects including epistemology, education, metaphysics, psychology, religion, and mysticism.
 38 
Jeremy Bentham
(British Philosopher, Social Activist and One of the Founders of 'Modern Utilitarianism')
Jeremy Bentham
8
Birthdate: February 15, 1748
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: London, England, United Kingdom
Died: June 6, 1832
Jeremy Bentham was a prominent English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer credited as the pioneer of modern utilitarianism. He championed individual and economic freedoms, advocated for the separation of church and state, equal rights for women, decriminalization of homosexual acts, abolition of slavery and capital punishment, and was an early proponent of animal rights. Bentham's influence extended to the development of welfarism and he played a significant role in Anglo-American legal philosophy. His ideas led to reforms in various sectors including prisons, schools, poor laws, law courts, and Parliament.
 39 
Edmund Burke
(Statesman)
Edmund Burke
6
Birthdate: January 12, 1729
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Died: July 9, 1797
Edmund Burke was a prominent Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher celebrated for his impactful contributions to British politics. Throughout his nearly three-decade tenure as a Member of Parliament with the Whig Party, Burke emphasized the significance of virtues and religious institutions within society. He scrutinized British approaches toward the American colonies, advocated for Catholic emancipation, and stood in opposition to the French Revolution. Burke's profound insights on the events in France further established him as a key figure within the conservative faction of the Whig Party and a foundational thinker of contemporary conservatism.
 40 
Montesquieu
(Political Philosopher Who Gave the Doctrine of 'Separation of Powers')
Montesquieu
8
Birthdate: January 18, 1689
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: La Brède, France
Died: February 10, 1755
Montesquieu, a French judge, historian, and political philosopher, is famous for his theory of the separation of powers, which has been included in many constitutions worldwide. His work introduced the term "despotism" into political discussions. "The Spirit of Law," his book, was well-received in Great Britain and the American colonies, influencing the drafting of the U.S. Constitution. Montesquieu's career was marked by his important contributions to political theory and his enduring influence on constitutional governance.
 41 
Jacques Derrida
(French Philosopher Who Developed the Philosophical Approach Known as 'Deconstruction')
Jacques Derrida
19
Birthdate: July 15, 1930
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: El Biar, Algeria
Died: October 9, 2004
Jacques Derrida was a renowned French philosopher credited with developing the philosophy of deconstruction, which he explored in numerous texts. He drew inspiration from linguistics, particularly the works of Ferdinand de Saussure, as well as phenomenology by Husserl and Heidegger. Derrida's ideas had a profound impact on various fields including philosophy, literature, law, anthropology, and music. His work significantly influenced the humanities and social sciences globally, particularly in the United States, continental Europe, South America, and regions where continental philosophy is prominent. Derrida's writings delved into ethical, political, and linguistic themes, solidifying his status as a controversial yet influential public figure.
 42 
Karl Popper
(Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method in favour of empirical falsification.)
Karl Popper
18
Birthdate: July 28, 1902
Sun Sign: Leo
Birthplace: Vienna, Austria
Died: September 17, 1994
Karl Popper was a significant philosopher of science recognized for his dismissal of traditional inductive perspectives on the scientific method in favor of empirical falsification. He introduced critical rationalism as a philosophy of criticism that does not seek justification. In terms of politics, Popper staunchly advocated for liberal democracy and the values that underpin an open society. His political philosophy aimed to blend elements from different democratic political ideologies, striving to harmonize libertarianism/classical liberalism, socialism/social democracy, and conservatism.
 43 
Heraclitus
(Ancient Greek Philosopher)
Heraclitus
4
Birthdate: 0535 BC
Birthplace: Ephesus, Turkey
Died: 0475 BC
Heraclitus, an influential ancient Greek philosopher, is known for his paradoxical and cryptic writings that have shaped Western philosophy. He believed in the unity of opposites and constant change, expressing ideas like "Everything flows" and highlighting fire as the fundamental element of the world. Heraclitus' insights on harmony in strife and the dynamic nature of existence have influenced thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, Hegel, and Heidegger, establishing him as a profound and enigmatic figure in philosophical history.
 44 
Judith Butler
(Philosopher)
Judith Butler
136
Birthdate: February 24, 1956
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Judith Pamela Butler is an American philosopher and gender studies scholar known for their influential work in political philosophy, ethics, third-wave feminism, queer theory, and literary theory. They have been teaching at the University of California, Berkeley since 1993 and hold the Maxine Elliot Professor position in Comparative Literature and Critical Theory. Butler is acclaimed for their books "Gender Trouble" and "Bodies That Matter," which challenge traditional gender concepts. They have also made significant contributions to feminist and queer scholarship and spoken out on various political issues, including Israeli politics and LGBT rights.
 45 
Maimonides
(Philosopher)
Maimonides
7
Birthdate: April 6, 1135
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Córdoba, Spain
Died: December 12, 1204
Maimonides, also known as Rambam, was a prominent Sephardic rabbi and philosopher of the Middle Ages. He excelled as a Torah scholar and was recognized for his contributions to astronomy and medicine, notably serving as the personal physician of Saladin. Throughout his life, Maimonides resided in various locations such as Córdoba, Morocco, and Egypt, where he was active as a rabbi, physician, and philosopher. His writings on Jewish law and ethics gained widespread acclaim, though he encountered criticism in Spain. Regarded as a key figure in Jewish history, Maimonides' work, including the Mishneh Torah, remains highly influential in Jewish scholarship.
 46 
Epicurus
(Ancient Greek Philosopher Who Founded 'Epicureanism;, a Highly Influential School of Philosophy)
Epicurus
5
Birthdate: 0341
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Samos, Greece
Died: 0270 BC
Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher, founded Epicureanism, a notable school of philosophy in Athens called "the Garden." He was influenced by Democritus and rejected Platonism, promoting simple living and inclusivity. His surviving works consist of letters, doctrines, and sayings. Epicurus emphasized the pursuit of happiness, tranquility, and freedom from fear and pain through philosophy. He believed in not fearing death, the disengagement of gods from human matters, and human free will in a deterministic world. Despite being controversial, his teachings were influential, shaping the views of prominent thinkers across history.
 47 
Jacques Lacan
(Psychoanalyst, Psychiatrist)
Jacques Lacan
13
Birthdate: April 13, 1901
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Paris, France
Died: September 9, 1981
Jacques Lacan, a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist, was known for his controversial yet influential work in psychoanalysis. His yearly seminars in Paris, papers collected in the book Écrits, and transcriptions shaped his significant impact on continental philosophy, cultural theory, and psychoanalysis. Lacan emphasized the philosophical dimension of Freud's concepts, integrating structuralism, linguistics, and anthropology. His innovative clinical approaches resulted in his expulsion from the International Psychoanalytic Association, leading him to establish new psychoanalytic institutions.
 48 
Auguste Comte
(French Philosopher and Founder of Sociology and Positivism )
Auguste Comte
5
Birthdate: January 19, 1798
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Montpellier, France
Died: September 5, 1857
Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer, is recognized for originating the doctrine of positivism. He is credited as the first philosopher of science in the modern context and greatly influenced the field of sociology. Comte's objective was to combat social turmoil post-French Revolution by promoting a new social doctrine based on scientific principles. His ideas of Sociologie, social evolutionism, and the "Religion of Humanity" have had a lasting impact on various social thinkers and have formed the basis of contemporary academic sociology.
 49 
Albert Schweitzer
(Physician and Founder of the “Albert Schweitzer Hospital” in Lambaréné,)
Albert Schweitzer
16
Birthdate: January 14, 1875
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Kaysersberg-Vignoble, France
Died: September 4, 1965
Albert Schweitzer, a French polymath, was recognized for his diverse contributions in theology, music, writing, humanitarianism, philosophy, and medicine. He challenged conventional beliefs about Jesus and Christianity while advocating for "being in Christ" and faith-based justification. Schweitzer's philosophy of "Reverence for Life" earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952, and he established the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Gabon. He also notably advanced the study of Johann Sebastian Bach's music and the Organ Reform Movement.
 50 
John Rawls
(American Moral, Legal and Political Philosopher)
John Rawls
17
Birthdate: February 21, 1921
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Died: November 24, 2002
John Bordley Rawls was a prominent American moral, legal, and political philosopher who made significant contributions to normative political philosophy. His work, including "A Theory of Justice," introduced the idea of "justice as fairness," promoting equal basic liberties, equal opportunity, and maximizing benefits for the least advantaged in society. Rawls' "original position" thought experiment played a key role in his advocacy for principles of social justice. His innovative ideas revitalized political and ethical philosophy, earning him prestigious awards and recognition.
 51 
Ludwig Wittgenstein
(One of the Greatest Philosophers of the 20th Century)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
8
Birthdate: April 26, 1889
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Vienna, Austria
Died: April 29, 1951
Ludwig Wittgenstein, an Austrian philosopher, is well-known for his contributions in logic, mathematics, mind, and language philosophy. He taught at the University of Cambridge from 1929 to 1947. Wittgenstein's notable works include the "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus," published in 1921, and the "Philosophical Investigations," released posthumously in 1953. Over time, his philosophy shifted from a focus on logic and propositions to a greater emphasis on language use. Wittgenstein also had diverse professional experiences beyond academia, such as serving in World War I and working in hospitals during World War II.
 52 
Walter Benjamin
(German Jewish Philosopher, Cultural Critic and Essayist)
Walter Benjamin
14
Birthdate: July 15, 1892
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Berlin, Germany
Died: September 26, 1940
Walter Benjamin was a renowned German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic, media theorist, and essayist. He was associated with the Frankfurt School and made significant contributions to aesthetic theory, literary criticism, and historical materialism. Benjamin's influential works include essays such as "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" and "Theses on the Philosophy of History". Despite debates about his classification as a philosopher, his research carried a distinctive sense of authority. His untimely death in 1940 led to posthumous recognition of his impactful body of work.
 53 
Jürgen Habermas
(German Philosopher and Sociologist Best Known for His Theory of ‘Communicative Action')
Jürgen Habermas
13
Birthdate: June 18, 1929
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Düsseldorf, Rhine Province, Prussia, Germany
Jürgen Habermas is a distinguished German philosopher and social theorist known for his association with the Frankfurt School. He specializes in critical theory, communicative rationality, and the public sphere, exploring topics such as epistemology, social theory, advanced capitalism, democracy, and the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary framework. Habermas's work focuses on revealing the potential for reason, emancipation, and rational communication within contemporary institutions. He has made significant contributions to the concept of modernity, drawing inspiration from American pragmatism, action theory, and poststructuralism.
 54 
Averroes
(Philosopher)
Averroes
9
Birthdate: April 14, 1126
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Córdoba, Spain
Died: December 10, 1198
Averroes was a renowned Andalusian polymath and jurist who was known for his extensive commentaries on Aristotle. He supported the integration of philosophy into Islam and argued for its compatibility with religious teachings. Averroes strongly advocated for Aristotelianism while opposing Neoplatonist influences in earlier Muslim thought. His significant contributions spanned various fields such as medicine, astronomy, physics, and Islamic jurisprudence. His philosophical ideas sparked controversies in both the Islamic world and Western Europe, ultimately leading to the rise of the Averroism philosophical movement.
 55 
Roland Barthes
(French Literary Theorist Best Known for His Essay Collection 'Mythologies' and His Essay 'The Death of the Author')
Roland Barthes
14
Birthdate: November 12, 1915
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France
Died: March 25, 1980
Roland Barthes was a prominent French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. He gained recognition for his analysis of sign systems, particularly those from Western popular culture, influencing fields such as structuralism, anthropology, literary theory, and post-structuralism. Barthes is renowned for works like "Mythologies" and the essay "The Death of the Author." He had close affiliations with the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) and the Collège de France during his academic career.
 56 
Theodor W. Adorno
(German Philosopher, Sociologist, Psychologist and Composer)
Theodor W. Adorno
15
Birthdate: September 11, 1903
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Frankfurt, Germany
Died: August 6, 1969
Theodor W. Adorno was a distinguished German philosopher, musicologist, and social theorist recognized for his contributions to the Frankfurt School of critical theory. His notable works, such as Dialectic of Enlightenment and Minima Moralia, offered critical examinations of contemporary society through the perspectives of Freud, Marx, and Hegel. Adorno's expertise in avant-garde music, collaboration with Thomas Mann, and research on authoritarianism and propaganda at the Institute for Social Research left a lasting impact. He participated in discussions on positivist science and Heidegger's concept of authenticity, while his Aesthetic Theory sought to reassess the interplay between emotion and cognition in modern art.
 57 
Denis Diderot
(French Philosopher, Co-Founder and Chief Editor of the ‘Encyclopédie’)
Denis Diderot
4
Birthdate: October 5, 1713
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Langres, France
Died: July 31, 1784
Denis Diderot, a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, co-founded, edited, and contributed to the groundbreaking Encyclopédie during the Age of Enlightenment. Initially studying philosophy and law, Diderot later pursued a career in writing. Despite facing financial struggles, he gained recognition when Empress Catherine the Great purchased his personal library and offered financial support. Diderot's literary reputation was established through his plays and contributions to the Encyclopédie, with many significant works published posthumously.
 58 
Edmund Husserl
(German Philosopher, Mathematician and Founder of Phenomenology)
Edmund Husserl
8
Birthdate: April 8, 1859
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Prostějov, Czechia
Died: April 27, 1938
Edmund Husserl was a prominent philosopher and mathematician from Austria-Germany. He is best known for founding the school of phenomenology and critiquing historicism and psychologism in logic early in his career. Throughout his mature work, he concentrated on intentionality and developed a foundational science using phenomenological reduction, with a focus on transcendental consciousness. Husserl taught at several universities, such as Göttingen and Freiburg, leaving a significant impact on 20th-century philosophy. Despite facing expulsion by the Nazi Party due to his Jewish background, he continued his scholarly pursuits until his passing in 1938.
 59 
Parmenides
(Philosopher)
Parmenides
5
Birthdate: 0515 BC
Birthplace: Elea, Magna Graecia
Died: 0450 BC
Parmenides of Elea, a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, is renowned for his work "On Nature." He introduced two perspectives on reality: the Way of Truth, which posits a singular, eternal, and unchanging reality, and the Way of Opinion, emphasizing the illusory aspects of the world of appearances. Parmenides is credited as the originator of ontology and the Eleatic school of philosophy. His teachings have profoundly influenced Western philosophy, notably impacting Plato and contributing to discussions on the philosophy of time.
 60 
George Berkeley
(philosopher)
George Berkeley
5
Birthdate: March 12, 1685
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: County Kilkenny, Ireland
Died: January 14, 1753
George Berkeley, also known as Bishop Berkeley, was an Anglo-Irish philosopher recognized for his theory of immaterialism or subjective idealism. He challenged the existence of material substance by suggesting that objects are ideas perceived by the mind. Berkeley's notable works include "An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision" and "Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous." He also critiqued Isaac Newton's concepts on space, time, and motion in "De Motu" and authored works like "Alciphron" and "The Analyst." Post-World War II, Berkeley's work saw a resurgence in interest due to its insights into key philosophical matters.
 61 
Louis Althusser
(French Marxist Philosopher)
Louis Althusser
11
Birthdate: October 16, 1918
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Bir Mourad Raïs, Algeria
Died: October 22, 1990
Louis Althusser was a French Marxist philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the École normale supérieure in Paris. He was a member of the French Communist Party and a critic of threats to Marxist theory. Althusser was known for his arguments against empiricism, humanism, and reformist socialist orientations within European communist parties. He is considered a structural Marxist with a critical view of structuralism. Althusser later identified as a social anarchist. His career was impacted by periods of mental illness, culminating in a tragic event that led to his institutionalization and limited academic output until his death.
 62 
Thomas Kuhn
(Philosopher and Historian Best Known for His Book ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions’)
Thomas Kuhn
7
Birthdate: July 18, 1922
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Died: June 17, 1996
Thomas Kuhn was a prominent American historian and philosopher of science who introduced the concept of paradigm shifts in scientific fields. In his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn argued that scientific progress is not linear but characterized by shifts that lead to new ways of understanding. He highlighted the influence of subjective perspectives on shaping scientific knowledge and proposed that scientific truth is established through consensus within the scientific community.
 63 
Anselm of Canterbury
(Benedictine Monk, Philosopher and Archbishop of Canterbury (1093 - 1109))
Anselm of Canterbury
6
Birthdate: 1033 AD
Birthplace: Aosta, Italy
Died: April 21, 1109
Anselm of Canterbury, a Benedictine monk and theologian, served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. He defended the church's interests in England during the Investiture Controversy, leading to his exile twice due to conflicts with English kings. In exile, he aided the Greek Catholic bishops in adopting Roman rites. Anselm advocated for Canterbury's primacy over York and Welsh bishops. He is renowned for his rational and philosophical dialogues, credited with founding Scholasticism, and for developing the ontological argument for God's existence and the satisfaction theory of atonement.
 64 
Henri Bergson
(French Philosopher and Winner of the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature)
Henri Bergson
10
Birthdate: October 18, 1859
Sun Sign: Libra
Birthplace: Paris, France
Died: January 4, 1941
Henri Bergson, a prominent French philosopher, made notable contributions to both analytic and continental philosophy. His emphasis on immediate experience and intuition over abstract rationalism and science revolutionized the understanding of reality. Bergson's ideas were highly influential and vibrant, earning him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1927. His work sparked controversy in France by challenging the prevailing secular and scientific perspectives of the era.
 65 
Zeno of Citium
(Philosopher)
Zeno of Citium
3
Birthdate: 0334 BC
Birthplace: Kition
Died: 0262 BC
Zeno of Citium was a Hellenistic philosopher who founded the Stoic school of philosophy. He taught Stoicism in Athens, focusing on goodness, peace of mind, and virtue in harmony with nature. His teachings were shaped by the moral principles of the Cynics. Stoicism gained popularity during the Hellenistic period and thrived in the Roman era. Zeno's philosophy experienced revivals in the Renaissance as Neostoicism and in modern times as Modern Stoicism.
 66 
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius
(Roman Senator, Magister Officiorum, Historian and Philosopher)
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius
4
Birthdate: 0477 AD
Birthplace: Rome, Italy
Died: October 23, 0524
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, a Roman senator and consul, was a key figure in the Early Middle Ages. He was a skilled translator who played a vital role in translating Greek classics into Latin, which helped lay the foundation for the Scholastic movement. Boethius was adept in various fields and produced translations and commentaries on works by renowned figures such as Nicomachus and Cicero. Despite encountering challenges and imprisonment for his anti-corruption stance, his philosophical treatise, "On the Consolation of Philosophy," remains a significant work of that era.
 67 
William of Ockham
(Philosopher)
William of Ockham
3
Birthdate: 1287 AD
Birthplace: Ockham Civil Parish, United Kingdom
Died: April 10, 1347
William of Ockham was a prominent English Franciscan friar, philosopher, theologian, and apologist. He played a key role in medieval thought and was central to the intellectual and political debates of the 14th century. He is renowned for introducing Occam's razor, a principle of methodology that had a lasting impact on logic, physics, and theology. Through his influential writings and active participation in philosophical and theological dialogs, he left a significant mark on the intellectual landscape of his era. He is honored in the Church of England on April 10th.
 68 
Plotinus
(Ancient Philosopher and Founder of ‘Neoplatonism’)
Plotinus
5
Birthdate: 0204 AD
Birthplace: Lycopolis, Egypt
Died: 0270 AD
Plotinus is recognized as the leading figure in Neoplatonism, a philosophical movement rooted in ancient Greek thought. His teachings, emphasizing the One, Intellect, and Soul, have had a profound impact on intellectual history, influencing thinkers across different eras and religious traditions. His seminal work, The Enneads, delves into metaphysical concepts that have left a lasting imprint on theological discourse within various belief systems.
 69 
Giorgio Agamben
(Philosopher)
Giorgio Agamben
11
Birthdate: April 22, 1942
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Rome, Italy
Giorgio Agamben is a prominent Italian philosopher known for his extensive examination of concepts such as the state of exception, form-of-life, and homo sacer. His work is strongly influenced by the idea of biopolitics, originating from Michel Foucault's works. Agamben's academic works cover a wide range of philosophical topics, with a focus on critical analysis and interpretation of political and social systems. His writings have played a significant role in shaping contemporary philosophy and critical theory.
 70 
Richard Rorty
(Philosopher)
Richard Rorty
5
Birthdate: September 4, 1931
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: New York, New York, United States
Died: June 8, 2007
Richard McKay Rorty, an American philosopher, had a diverse academic background in the history of philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy. Throughout his career, he held prestigious positions such as the Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University, the Kenan Professor of Humanities at the University of Virginia, and a professor of comparative literature at Stanford University. Rorty authored several influential books challenging traditional notions of knowledge and emphasizing the role of language in shaping understanding.
 71 
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
(Philosopher)
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
6
Birthdate: March 14, 1908
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Inférieure, France
Died: May 3, 1961
Maurice Merleau-Ponty, a French phenomenological philosopher, was greatly influenced by Husserl and Heidegger. His work delved into the formation of meaning in human experience, exploring perception, art, politics, religion, biology, psychology, and more. Merleau-Ponty stressed the significance of perception in human experience, integrating insights from the sciences and naturalizing phenomenology. He underscored the body as the central vehicle for understanding the world, introducing the concept of "indirect ontology" and engaging with Marxism, notably in his work "Humanism and Terror."
 72 
George Herbert Mead
(Philosopher)
George Herbert Mead
5
Birthdate: February 27, 1863
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: South Hadley, Massachusetts, United States
Died: April 26, 1931
George Herbert Mead was a prominent American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist closely connected with the University of Chicago. He played a key role in promoting pragmatism and is recognized as a trailblazer of symbolic interactionism. Mead's contributions greatly shaped the Chicago School of Sociology and had a profound impact on our understanding of human behavior and social interaction across the fields of philosophy, sociology, and psychology.
 73 
Duns Scotus
(Scottish Catholic Priest and Franciscan Friar, University Professor, Philosopher and Theologian)
Duns Scotus
3
Birthdate: 1265 AD
Birthplace: Duns, Scotland
Died: November 8, 1308
John Duns Scotus was a Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar, renowned for his significant contributions as a philosopher and theologian in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. Alongside other notable figures like Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, and William of Ockham, Scotus is celebrated for doctrines such as the "univocity of being," formal distinction, and haecceity. He also formulated arguments for the existence of God and defended the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Scotus earned the title Doctor Subtilis for his profound and intricate philosophical insights.
 74 
Alain Badiou
(Philosopher)
Alain Badiou
7
Birthdate: January 17, 1937
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Rabat, Morocco
Alain Badiou is a distinguished French philosopher renowned for his contributions to philosophy, particularly in mathematics, set theory, and category theory. He has served as the Chair of Philosophy at the École normale supérieure and played a key role in establishing the faculty of Philosophy at the Université de Paris VIII. Badiou's influential work "Being and Event" delves into fundamental concepts such as being, truth, event, and challenges linguistic relativism. He is known for promoting universalism and truth, along with his active involvement in political movements advocating for the resurgence of communism.
 75 
Willard Van Orman Quine
(Mathematician, Analytic philosopher, Philosopher of language, Epistemologist, Philosopher of science, University teacher, Professor, Philosopher)
Willard Van Orman Quine
5
Birthdate: June 25, 1908
Sun Sign: Cancer
Birthplace: Akron
Died: December 25, 2000
Willard Van Orman Quine was a prominent American philosopher and logician within the analytic tradition. He was recognized for his contributions to logic, set theory, and the philosophy of mathematics. Quine developed the New Foundations system of mathematics and set theory, along with the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument for the existence of mathematical entities. He promoted a perspective on philosophy that aligns closely with science, stressing a naturalized epistemology and a holistic method in scientific investigation.
 76 
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
(Former Philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism)
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
3
Birthdate: May 19, 1762
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Rammenau, Germany
Died: January 29, 1814
Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a prominent German philosopher known for his original insights into self-consciousness and development of the thesis-antithesis-synthesis concept. His works on political philosophy have also marked him as a founding figure of German nationalism. Fichte's contributions to the philosophical landscape of his time have earned him recognition as an important philosopher.
 77 
Bonaventure
(Italian Catholic Franciscan, Bishop, Theologian and Philosopher)
Bonaventure
3
Birthdate: 1221 AD
Birthplace: Civita di Bagnoregio, Italy
Died: July 15, 1274
Bonaventure OFM was an important Italian Catholic Franciscan figure who held positions as a bishop, cardinal, theologian, and philosopher. He served as the seventh Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor and as Bishop of Albano. Known as the "Seraphic Doctor," he was canonized by Pope Sixtus IV and recognized as a Doctor of the Church by Pope Sixtus V. Bonaventure made significant contributions to theology and philosophy, solidifying his enduring legacy within the Catholic Church.
 78 
Johann Gottfried Herder
(Philosopher, Theologian, Poet, and Literary Critic)
Johann Gottfried Herder
4
Birthdate: August 25, 1744
Sun Sign: Virgo
Birthplace: Morąg, Poland
Died: December 18, 1803
Johann Gottfried von Herder was a prominent German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic associated with the Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar Classicism movements. He played a crucial role in shaping Romantic philosophy and poetry, emphasizing the importance of true German culture found within the common people. Herder's work popularized the concept of Volksgeist, asserting that folk songs, poetry, and dances were integral to understanding a nation's spirit. He made significant contributions to disciplines such as hermeneutics, linguistics, anthropology, and secular philosophy of history.
 79 
Emmanuel Levinas
(Philosopher most remembered for his work on subjects like Jewish philosophy and existentialism.)
Emmanuel Levinas
7
Birthdate: January 12, 1906
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Kaunas, Lithuania
Died: December 25, 1995
Emmanuel Levinas was a renowned French philosopher celebrated for his impact on Jewish philosophy, existentialism, and phenomenology. He explored the complex connections between ethics, metaphysics, and ontology, providing deep perspectives on human existence and moral obligations. Throughout his extensive writings, Levinas highlighted the importance of ethics in philosophical conversations, questioning established views and promoting a more profound comprehension of the ethical aspects of human relationships and societal frameworks.
 80 
Jean-François Lyotard
(French Philosopher and Sociologist Known for His Analysis of the Impact of Postmodernity on the Human Condition)
Jean-François Lyotard
3
Birthdate: August 10, 1924
Sun Sign: Leo
Birthplace: Versailles, France
Died: April 21, 1998
Jean-François Lyotard was a prominent French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist recognized for his interdisciplinary work in epistemology, communication, art, literature, music, and politics. He was known for his articulation of postmodernism and the exploration of postmodernity's influence on society. As a leading figure in contemporary continental philosophy, Lyotard authored many books and articles and served as the director of the International College of Philosophy, collaborating with other notable intellectuals in the field.
 81 
Mozi
(Chinese Essayist and Philosopher)
Mozi
3
Birthdate: 0470 BC
Birthplace: Tengzhou, Shandong Province
Died: 0391 BC
Mozi was a Chinese philosopher, logician, and essayist who founded the school of Mohism during the Hundred Schools of Thought period. He promoted universal love, social order, the will of heaven, sharing, and honoring the worthy. Mohism was practiced in many states during the Warring States period but declined under the legalist Qin dynasty. The philosophy of Mozi stood in opposition to Confucianism and Daoism and faced challenges during the Han dynasty, eventually fading into obscurity.
 82 
Paul Feyerabend
(Philosopher of Science Who Became Famous for His Purportedly Anarchistic View of Science)
Paul Feyerabend
4
Birthdate: January 13, 1924
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Vienna, Austria
Died: February 11, 1994
Paul Karl Feyerabend, an influential Austrian philosopher, is known for his significant contributions to the philosophy of science. He held academic positions at esteemed universities worldwide, such as the University of California, Berkeley, University College London, and Yale University. Feyerabend's renowned work, "Against Method," questioned the concept of universal methodological rules in scientific investigation. His later writings explored themes like the politics of science, scientific pluralism, and the intersection of history and philosophy of science. Feyerabend's profound impact on the field of philosophy of science solidifies his status as one of the most prominent philosophers of the 20th century.
 83 
J. L. Austin
(Philosopher of Language Best Known for Developing the 'Theory of Speech Acts')
J. L. Austin
4
Birthdate: March 26, 1911
Sun Sign: Aries
Birthplace: Lancaster, England
Died: February 8, 1960
John Langshaw Austin was a British philosopher renowned for his advancements in ordinary language philosophy. His theory of speech acts highlighted the dual function of language in conveying information and carrying out actions. In his influential work "How to Do Things with Words," Austin challenged conventional perspectives on language and meaning. By emphasizing the performative nature of speech, he proposed that language is not solely for expressing propositions but also for achieving specific tasks through the use of words and signs.
 84 
Max Horkheimer
(German Philosopher and Sociologist Famous for His Work in 'Critical Theory')
Max Horkheimer
7
Birthdate: February 14, 1895
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Zuffenhausen, Stuttgart, Germany
Died: July 7, 1973
Max Horkheimer was a prominent philosopher and sociologist associated with the Frankfurt School, known for his contributions to critical theory. He focused on addressing issues such as authoritarianism, militarism, economic disruption, environmental crisis, and mass culture's impoverishment. Horkheimer's philosophy of history laid the foundation for critical theory, with key works like Eclipse of Reason, Between Philosophy and Social Science, and the collaborative effort with Theodor Adorno on Dialectic of Enlightenment. He played a crucial role in planning, supporting, and enabling significant works within the Frankfurt School.
 85 
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
(Philosopher)
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
3
Birthdate: January 27, 1775
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Leonberg, Germany
Died: August 20, 1854
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling was a German philosopher who played a significant role in the development of German idealism. Mentored by Johann Gottlieb Fichte and with a complex relationship with Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Schelling's evolving philosophy is known for its difficulty of interpretation. Despite being overshadowed by Hegel in later years, there has been a resurgence of interest in re-evaluating Schelling's work. While his Naturphilosophie has been criticized by scientists for its lack of empirical orientation, his ideas continue to stimulate discussion and debate in philosophical circles.
 86 
Hans-Georg Gadamer
(Philosopher)
Hans-Georg Gadamer
4
Birthdate: February 11, 1900
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Marburg, Germany
Died: March 13, 2002
Hans-Georg Gadamer, a prominent German philosopher, made significant contributions to the field of hermeneutics within the continental tradition. His influential work, "Truth and Method," published in 1960, has gained widespread recognition. Throughout his career, Gadamer focused on exploring interpretation, understanding, and communication, advancing philosophical hermeneutics. His work remains highly esteemed in academic circles, influencing contemporary debates and discussions in philosophy.
 87 
Luce Irigaray
(French Linguist, Psychoanalyst, and Philosopher)
Luce Irigaray
10
Birthdate: May 3, 1930
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Bernissart, Belgium
Luce Irigaray is a prominent French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst, and cultural theorist known for her critical examination of language in relation to women. Her influential works analyze the texts of notable thinkers like Freud, Hegel, and Plato through a feminist lens. Irigaray employs various modes of investigation to explore themes of gender, language, and identity. She remains active in Women's Movements in France and Italy.
 88 
Paul Ricœur
(Philosopher)
Paul Ricœur
6
Birthdate: February 27, 1913
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: Drome, France
Died: May 20, 2005
Jean Paul Ricœur was a prominent French philosopher who combined phenomenological description with hermeneutics, aligning his work with other major hermeneutic phenomenologists such as Heidegger, Gadamer, and Marcel. His contributions to the field led to him being awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy in 2000 for revolutionizing hermeneutic phenomenology methods. Ricœur expanded the study of textual interpretation to encompass diverse fields including mythology, biblical exegesis, psychoanalysis, theory of metaphor, and narrative theory. Throughout his professional life, Ricœur focused on advancing philosophical thought through innovative and interdisciplinary approaches.
 89 
Rudolf Carnap
(Philosopher)
Rudolf Carnap
4
Birthdate: May 18, 1891
Sun Sign: Taurus
Birthplace: Ronsdorf, Wuppertal, Germany
Died: September 14, 1970
Rudolf Carnap, a prominent German-language philosopher, was known for his work in logical positivism. He was a key figure in the Vienna Circle, a group of philosophers focused on the verification principle and the use of logical analysis in philosophy. Carnap's professional life spanned Europe and the United States, where he made significant contributions to the field of philosophy. His advocacy for logical positivism and influential writings have had a lasting impact on the development of analytic philosophy.
 90 
St. Augustine
(Theologian, Philosopher and One of the Most Important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period.)
St. Augustine
9
Birthdate: November 13, 0354
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Thagaste
Died: August 28, 0430
St. Augustine of Hippo was a theologian, philosopher, and bishop of Hippo Regius in Roman North Africa. His writings greatly influenced Western philosophy and Christianity. Augustine converted to Christianity in 386, offering distinct insights into philosophy and theology. He stressed the significance of Christ's grace for human freedom, contributed to the doctrine of original sin, and introduced the concept of the City of God. Augustine is honored as a saint and Doctor of the Church, leaving a lasting imprint on Western Christian thought and theology.
 91 
Jacques Rancière
(Philosopher)
Jacques Rancière
5
Birthdate: June 10, 1940
Sun Sign: Gemini
Birthplace: Algiers, Algeria
Jacques Rancière, a French philosopher, is well-known for his contributions to aesthetics. He has held academic positions at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee and the University of Paris VIII: Vincennes—Saint-Denis. Initially collaborating with Louis Althusser on "Reading Capital" in 1965, Rancière later diverged from Althusserian Marxism, particularly after the 1968 political uprisings, leading him to develop a unique body of work centered on aesthetics.
 92 
Franz Brentano
(German Philosopher, Priest, and Professor Who Founded Intentionalism)
Franz Brentano
5
Birthdate: January 16, 1838
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Marienberg, Germany
Died: March 17, 1917
Franz Brentano was a German philosopher and psychologist renowned for his significant work, "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint," which reintroduced the concept of intentionality in contemporary philosophy. Through mentoring a diverse group of philosophers, he established the School of Brentano, stimulating research in linguistics, logic, mathematics, and experimental psychology. His contributions have left a lasting impact on various fields and remain influential in modern philosophical thought.
 93 
Proclus
(Turkish Philosopher)
Proclus
3
Birthdate: February 8, 0412
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Constantinople
Died: April 17, 0485
Proclus Lycius, also known as Proclus the Successor, was a prominent Greek Neoplatonist philosopher in late antiquity. His formulated system of Neoplatonism had a profound influence on various philosophical traditions, including Byzantine, Early Islamic, Scholastic, and German Idealism. His work, especially "Platonic Theology," was considered a crucial milestone in the transition from ancient to modern thought, recognized by philosophers such as G.W.F. Hegel. Proclus's intellectual contributions cemented his legacy as one of the final major classical philosophers and a significant figure in the history of philosophy.
 94 
Thomas Aquinas
(Italian Theologian & Philosopher)
Thomas Aquinas
4
Birthdate: January 25, 1225
Sun Sign: Aquarius
Birthplace: Roccasecca, Italy
Died: March 7, 1274
Thomas Aquinas was an Italian Dominican friar, priest, philosopher, theologian, and jurist known for his contributions to natural theology and as the founder of Thomism, a school of thought that merges theology and philosophy. He integrated Aristotelian philosophy with Christian beliefs, making him a prominent figure in medieval philosophy-theology. His significant works include the Summa Theologica, Disputed Questions on Truth, and Summa contra Gentiles. Recognized as a Doctor of the Church, he is esteemed as one of the most influential theologians and philosophers in Catholic theology.
 95 
Donald Davidson
(Philosopher and professor who focused on philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and action theory.)
Donald Davidson
3
Birthdate: March 6, 1917
Sun Sign: Pisces
Birthplace: Springfield, Massachusetts, United States
Died: August 30, 2003
Donald Davidson was a prominent American philosopher recognized for his contributions to analytic philosophy. He held teaching positions at renowned institutions including the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, Rockefeller University, Princeton University, and the University of Chicago. Davidson's profound insights and engaging personality established his reputation in the academic community. His influential work left a lasting impact on various fields such as philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and action theory, influencing both analytic and continental philosophical traditions, as well as areas like literary theory.
 96 
Wilhelm Dilthey
(Philosopher Known for the Way He Distinguished Between the Natural and Human Sciences)
Wilhelm Dilthey
3
Birthdate: November 19, 1833
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Birthplace: Biebrich, Wiesbaden, Germany
Died: October 1, 1911
Wilhelm Dilthey was a German historian, psychologist, sociologist, and hermeneutic philosopher renowned for his contributions to the University of Berlin. He held the prestigious Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Chair in Philosophy and was acknowledged for his multifaceted thinking. Dilthey's research centered on scientific methodology, historical evidence, and the essence of history as a science. Although sometimes labeled as an empiricist, his perspectives on empiricism and experience were unique, diverging from British empiricism and positivism to draw inspiration from German literary and philosophical customs.
 97 
Ernst Cassirer
(Philosopher, University teacher)
Ernst Cassirer
4
Birthdate: July 28, 1874
Sun Sign: Leo
Birthplace: Wrocław
Died: April 13, 1945
Ernst Cassirer was a notable German philosopher linked to the Neo-Kantian Marburg School. He expanded phenomenology into a comprehensive philosophy of culture by developing his theory of symbolism. Cassirer advocated for philosophical idealism and is most famous for his book "Philosophy of Symbolic Forms." While his ideas were not universally accepted during his lifetime, contemporary scholars appreciate his defense of moral idealism and liberal democracy in the midst of growing fascism. His work is esteemed within the Jewish community for its ethical philosophy contributions.
 98 
Max Scheler
(German Philosopher Known for His Work in Phenomenology, Ethics, and Philosophical Anthropology)
Max Scheler
4
Birthdate: August 22, 1874
Sun Sign: Leo
Birthplace: Munich, Germany
Died: May 19, 1928
Max Ferdinand Scheler was a distinguished German philosopher recognized for his impact on phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology. He adopted the philosophical approach of Edmund Husserl and was regarded as a leading figure among German philosophers during his era. Scheler earned the moniker "Adam of the philosophical paradise" due to his involvement in the utopian aspirations of phenomenology. His influence persisted beyond his lifetime, as Martin Heidegger acknowledged him as a significant presence in modern European philosophy, with philosophers of the time considering his work invaluable.
 99 
Michel Henry
(Philosopher)
Michel Henry
3
Birthdate: January 10, 1922
Sun Sign: Capricorn
Birthplace: Haiphong, Vietnam
Died: July 3, 2002
Michel Henry was a renowned French philosopher, phenomenologist, and novelist who made significant contributions to the field. He authored five novels and numerous philosophical works that delved into different facets of human experience. Henry's expertise led him to lecture at universities in France, Belgium, the United States, and Japan, where he imparted profound insights to students and colleagues. His writings and teachings have had a lasting impact on the academic world, especially in the areas of philosophy and phenomenology.
 100 
Jean-Luc Nancy
(Philosopher)
Jean-Luc Nancy
2
Birthdate: July 26, 1940
Sun Sign: Leo
Birthplace: Bordeaux, France
Jean-Luc Nancy was a prominent French philosopher known for his works on various influential thinkers such as Jacques Lacan, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Immanuel Kant, René Descartes, and Martin Heidegger. He collaborated with Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe on multiple books and articles, contributing significantly to the discourse on community and politics with works like "The Inoperative Community." Nancy's impact extended to contemporary philosophers like Jacques Derrida, who wrote a monograph on Nancy's philosophy. His scholarly contributions have left a lasting mark on the field of philosophy.