Critics & Connoisseurs

Roger Ebert was a celebrated American film critic, writer, and screenwriter known for his distinctive writing style and humanistic approach to film criticism. He co-wrote the film "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls" and gained widespread recognition for co-hosting popular film review shows with Gene Siskel, popularizing the iconic phrase "two thumbs up." Ebert continued to write prolifically despite battling cancer in the 2000s, leaving a lasting impact on the world of film criticism.

Dick Gregory was a well-known American comedian, actor, writer, activist, and social critic. He was famous for his bold and humorous way of addressing bigotry and racism, especially in the southern United States. During the 1960s, Gregory shifted into political activism, actively protesting against the Vietnam War, promoting racial equality, and championing animal rights. He endured arrests and hunger strikes in support of his principles. In his later years, Gregory became a revered speaker, author, and influential figure in various social justice movements.

Henry Louis Gates Jr. is a prominent figure in American literary criticism, education, history, and filmmaking. He currently serves as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and the director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University. Additionally, Gates is a trustee of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. He is recognized for his work in rediscovering early African-American novels and for his numerous publications on the importance of African-American literature in the Western literary tradition. Gates also hosts the PBS series Finding Your Roots, exploring the genealogy and histories of various notable individuals.

Clive James was a versatile Australian professional who made a name for himself in the United Kingdom. Beginning his career in literary criticism, he transitioned to become a well-known television critic for The Observer, celebrated for his dry wit. James also excelled as a poet and satirist, establishing himself as a successful television writer and host in the UK, notably with his program ...on Television. His work was marked by sharp insights and clever humor.

Robert Christgau is a highly respected American music journalist and essayist recognized for his influential music criticism. He played a key role in developing professional rock criticism in the late 1960s and supported genres such as hip hop and riot grrrl. Christgau's reviews are known for their concise, letter-graded album assessments and sharp humor. His work was prominently featured in The Village Voice for 37 years and he has also contributed to publications like Esquire and Rolling Stone. Continuously active in the field, Christgau focuses on reviewing and writing essays about song-oriented music with a strong emphasis on formal analysis.

Robert Graves was a renowned English poet, soldier, historical novelist, and critic, with a body of work that includes over 140 works. He was celebrated for his poetry, translations, and analytical writing on Greek myths. Graves' memoir on his World War I experiences, "Good-Bye to All That," is considered a classic. His historical novels, such as "I, Claudius" and "King Jesus," and his translations of Classical Latin and Ancient Greek texts are highly regarded for their clarity and style.

Harold Bloom, a prominent American literary critic and Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University, was acclaimed for his vast literary contributions. He authored over 50 books, predominantly focusing on literary criticism, and edited several anthologies. Bloom was known for upholding the traditional Western canon in the face of challenges from the "School of Resentment." His influence transcended borders, with his works translated into more than 40 languages. In 1995, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

John Dryden was a notable English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who played a key role in shaping the literary landscape of Restoration England. He was appointed as England's first Poet Laureate in 1668, establishing himself as a prominent figure in the literary realm. Referred to as "Glorious John" by Romantic writer Sir Walter Scott, Dryden's influence was immense, leading to his era being labeled as the Age of Dryden. His works are still revered for their creativity and lasting impact on English literature.

Kurt Loder is an influential American entertainment critic, author, columnist, and television personality. He gained a legendary reputation as an editor at Rolling Stone in the 1980s. Loder has made significant contributions to various publications such as Reason, Esquire, Details, New York, and Time. He is best known for his work at MTV News since the 1980s and has also appeared in cameo roles in films and television series. Since 2016, Loder has been hosting the SiriusXM radio show True Stories.

George Ames Plimpton was an American writer celebrated for his sports writing and as the founding editor of The Paris Review. He introduced "participatory journalism" by immersing himself in a range of professional pursuits, including sports, acting, comedy, and performing music with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. His charming and refined writing style captured his amusing and sometimes bumbling exploits in these diverse arenas, endearing him to the literary and cultural community.

Mark Kermode is a well-known English film critic, musician, radio and television presenter, author, and podcaster. He is recognized for his contributions to various BBC programs, including Screenshot and Kermode & Mayo's Take. Kermode has authored numerous books on film and music and has written for publications like The Observer. He has hosted live shows at the British Film Institute and co-presented documentary series on BBC Four. Additionally, Kermode is a member of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and a skilled musician in the skiffle band, the Dodge Brothers.

Ian Alexander Meldrum, known as "Molly," is a highly influential figure within the Australian music industry. His diverse roles as a music critic, journalist, record producer, and musical entrepreneur have significantly impacted the industry. Meldrum first rose to fame as the talent coordinator and on-air interviewer for the popular music show Countdown. Throughout his career, he has produced numerous hit songs and has been a strong advocate for Australian music on both national and international platforms. Meldrum's remarkable contributions have been acknowledged through prestigious accolades, such as inductions into the ARIA Hall of Fame and the Order of Australia.

Jacqueline Roque's career was shaped by her role as the muse and second wife of artist Pablo Picasso. Her inspiration led to over 400 portraits by Picasso during their 12-year marriage, setting her apart from his other lovers. Roque's influence on Picasso's work was profound, with her presence becoming a central focus in his life and art. Her impact on the art world stemmed from her collaboration with Picasso and the lasting legacy of their artistic partnership.

André Aciman is a prominent Italian-American writer and esteemed professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. His expertise includes teaching the history of literary theory and the works of Marcel Proust. Aciman has also taught creative writing at New York University and French literature at Princeton University and Bard College. In 2009, he served as a Visiting Distinguished Writer at Wesleyan University. Aciman is known for his numerous novels, notably "Call Me by Your Name," and his award-winning memoir "Out of Egypt."

Michael Winner was a versatile British filmmaker, writer, and media personality recognized for directing a variety of films spanning action, thriller, and black comedy genres. He worked closely with actors Oliver Reed and Charles Bronson on numerous successful projects. Winner's notable films include the iconic Death Wish series, the comedy Hannibal Brooks, and the thriller The Mechanic. He was also known for his extensive media presence through regular TV appearances and a popular restaurant review column. Additionally, Winner was a founding member of the Police Memorial Trust.

Fanny Cradock was a well-known English restaurant critic, television cook, and writer. With a unique style and entertaining personality, she appeared regularly on television, at cookery demonstrations, and in print. Collaborating closely with her fourth husband, Major Johnnie Cradock, she showcased her culinary expertise and engaging on-screen presence, making her a prominent figure in the realms of cooking and entertainment.

Frederick R. Koch was a renowned American collector and philanthropist who dedicated himself to various charitable endeavors. He made significant contributions to the arts and cultural institutions, showcasing his passion for collecting art and rare books. Koch played a crucial role in supporting cultural preservation and education throughout his professional life.

Scott Ritter is a former US Marine Corps intelligence officer and UN weapons inspector. He played a key role in overseeing the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq before resigning from UNSCOM in protest. Ritter later became a prominent critic of the Iraq War and US foreign policy in the Middle East. He has contributed to Russian state media outlets and supported Russia during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Ritter is a member of Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity and has encountered difficulties with US authorities concerning travel to Russia.

Pauline Kael, a prominent American film critic, gained renown for her sharp, opinionated film reviews at The New Yorker from 1968 to 1991. Her divergent critiques set her apart from her contemporaries, establishing her as a standout figure in film criticism. Known for her unconventional and personal approach, Kael left a lasting impact on the industry, reshaping the art of film criticism and earning recognition as one of the most influential critics of her time.

Tom Verlaine, known for his role as the frontman of the band Television, was a highly influential figure in American rock music. His unique blend of artistic talent and musical innovation as a singer, guitarist, and songwriter helped shape the sound of New York City rock in the 1970s and beyond. Verlaine's distinctive style and poetic lyrics resonated with fans and critics alike, solidifying his legacy as a key figure in the history of rock music.

Diana Wynne Jones was a renowned British author celebrated for her fantasy and speculative fiction works targeted at children and young adults. She explored themes such as time travel, parallel universes, and science fiction concepts in her writing. Jones's notable creations include the Chrestomanci series, the Dalemark series, the Moving Castle novels, Dark Lord of Derkholm, and The Tough Guide to Fantasyland. Her influence on the genre is evident in the impact she had on esteemed authors like Philip Pullman, Terry Pratchett, J.K. Rowling, and Neil Gaiman. Jones accumulated various award nominations and accolades over her career, solidifying her position as a prominent figure in the realm of children's literature.

Lina Lazaar is a prominent Tunisian art critic and curator known for her significant impact on the art world. With a keen eye for creativity and a deep understanding of modern art movements, she has curated numerous acclaimed exhibitions that have garnered widespread acclaim. Lazaar is committed to championing emerging artists and fostering cross-cultural dialogues through art, establishing herself as a respected figure in the international art community.

Rex Taylor Reed is an American film critic, journalist, and media personality based in New York City during the 1960s. He has written for numerous newspapers and magazines, covering topics such as popular culture, art, and celebrities. Reed is well-known for his television appearances and occasional acting roles in films from the 1970s to the 1980s. As a notable writer for The New York Observer, he is celebrated for his candid writing style, unique tastes, and occasional controversies stemming from factual errors and critical remarks about actors.

Harvey Pekar, a notable American underground comic book writer, music critic, and media personality, is best known for his autobiographical American Splendor comic series. Often referred to as the "poet laureate of Cleveland," Pekar played a pivotal role in reshaping the perception of graphic novels and autobiographical comics. His works delved into everyday challenges and the quest for creative expression in a turbulent world. Pekar's significant contributions to the industry were recognized through awards such as the Inkpot Award, American Book Award, Harvey Award, and posthumous induction into the Eisner Award Hall of Fame.

Richard E. Roeper is a renowned American columnist and film critic recognized for his contributions to the Chicago Sun-Times. He rose to fame as the co-host of the TV show At the Movies with Roger Ebert, carrying on the legacy of Gene Siskel. Roeper also demonstrated his skills by co-hosting The Roe and Roeper Show on WLS-AM and hosting Good Day Chicago on FOX 32. Over the years, he has solidified his reputation as a respected figure in the realms of film criticism and entertainment journalism.

John Irving Bloom, professionally known as Joe Bob Briggs, is a versatile American figure in the entertainment industry. He has achieved success as a syndicated film critic, writer, actor, comic performer, and horror host. Over his extensive career, he is most prominently recognized for his hosting duties on television shows like Joe Bob's Drive-in Theater, MonsterVision, and The Last Drive-in with Joe Bob Briggs. His impactful contributions to the horror genre have earned him prestigious awards and inductions into esteemed halls of fame.

Fredric Jameson is a prominent American literary critic, philosopher, and Marxist political theorist recognized for his insightful analysis of contemporary cultural phenomena, with a focus on postmodernity and capitalism. He is the author of influential works such as "Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism" and "The Political Unconscious." Jameson holds distinguished academic positions at Duke University, where he serves as the Knut Schmidt-Nielsen Professor of Comparative Literature and Director of the Institute for Critical Theory. In 2012, he was honored with the Modern Language Association's Award for Lifetime Scholarly Achievement.

Leonard Maltin is a highly accomplished American film critic, historian, and author celebrated for his significant contributions to the film industry. He is best known for his influential publication, Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide, and his role as a film critic on Entertainment Tonight. Maltin's expertise extends to teaching at USC School of Cinematic Arts, hosting the podcast Maltin on Movies, and serving as President of the Los Angeles Film Critics Association. His diverse contributions include writing books on animation and film history, hosting specials, and providing insightful film commentary. Noteworthy career moments include the release of his memoir and receiving prestigious awards like the Robert Osborne Award.

Sergei Diaghilev was a prominent Russian art critic, patron, and ballet impresario known for founding the Ballets Russes. His career can be divided into two distinct periods: one in Saint Petersburg and the other as an emigrant. Diaghilev made significant contributions to the art world during his time in Saint Petersburg and continued to nurture and promote talented dancers and choreographers during his emigrant phase. His legacy includes launching the careers of numerous renowned figures in the ballet industry.

Terence Francis Eagleton is a renowned English philosopher, literary theorist, critic, and public intellectual. He holds the position of Distinguished Professor of English Literature at Lancaster University and is widely recognized for his influential work "Literary Theory: An Introduction." With a publication record of over forty books, Eagleton is a leading critic of postmodernism. His intellectual perspective is shaped by both Marxism and Christianity. Having previously held esteemed professorships at the University of Oxford and the University of Manchester, Eagleton has delivered lectures at universities worldwide and is a prolific writer on topics such as religion and cultural theory.

Isabella Stewart Gardner, a prominent American art collector, philanthropist, and patron of the arts, established the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston to display her deep appreciation for art and culture. Known for her inquisitive nature and passion for exploration, Gardner formed connections with leading artists and writers of her era. Her unconventional personality and refined tastes set her apart in Boston's social circles, resulting in her being nicknamed various titles. Gardner's unique behaviors, like her memorable presence at a formal concert, left a lasting impression on those who crossed paths with her.

Giles Lytton Strachey, an English writer and critic, is celebrated for his innovative approach to biography. As a key figure in the Bloomsbury Group, he introduced a fresh writing style that blended psychological insight, sympathy, irreverence, and wit. His notable works include "Eminent Victorians," which transformed the biography genre, and "Queen Victoria," honored with the prestigious James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Strachey's distinctive perspective and literary accomplishments are still revered in the world of literature.

Jason Matthew Rayner is a successful English journalist and food critic. He began his career as a freelance journalist, writing for esteemed publications like The Observer and The Independent on Sunday. In 1999, he assumed the role of the Observer restaurant critic, displaying his knowledge and experience in the culinary field. Alongside his journalism work, Rayner is an accomplished author with multiple published books. His career path highlights his dedication to food criticism and storytelling in the media sector.

Anne Tyler is a highly regarded American novelist, short story writer, and literary critic known for her twenty-four novels that feature richly developed characters, meticulous attention to detail, and artful writing style. Her works have received critical acclaim and have been finalists for prestigious awards such as the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Tyler has won accolades including the Pulitzer Prize, the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Her literary talent has led to comparisons with celebrated authors like John Updike, Jane Austen, and Eudora Welty.

Frank O'Hara was a notable American writer, poet, and art critic who played a significant role in New York City's art scene. He worked as a curator at the Museum of Modern Art and was a central figure in the New York School, a collective influenced by diverse artistic movements. O'Hara's poetry is recognized for its intimate and journal-like style, blending elements of jazz, surrealism, and modern culture. His writing strived to convey the vitality of everyday experiences and to establish a deep bond between the poet and the audience.

Charles John Klosterman is a renowned American author and essayist recognized for his exploration of American popular culture. He has written for publications like Esquire, ESPN.com, and The New York Times Magazine. Klosterman has authored twelve books, including notable works like Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs: A Low Culture Manifesto, which have received critical praise. In 2002, he was honored with the ASCAP Deems Taylor award for music criticism.

Margaret Drabble is a distinguished English biographer, novelist, and short story writer, renowned for her acclaimed works. She has been honored with prestigious literary awards, including the John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Drabble's notable contributions to literature encompass biographies of Arnold Bennett and Angus Wilson, along with editing The Oxford Companion to English Literature and a book on Thomas Hardy. Her exceptional achievements have earned recognition from esteemed institutions like the University of Cambridge and the American Academy of Arts and Letters, establishing her as a highly respected figure in the literary realm.

Barry Leslie Norman CBE was a notable figure in the British film industry, acclaimed for his roles as a film critic, television presenter, and journalist. For an impressive 26 years, from 1972 to 1998, he hosted the popular cinema review program, Film..., on the BBC. Known for his insightful commentary, articulate reviews, and engaging on-screen presence, Norman became a respected authority on movies. Over his successful career, he established himself as a familiar and influential voice in the realm of film criticism and entertainment journalism.

Ford Madox Ford was a renowned English novelist, poet, critic, and editor who made significant contributions to early 20th-century English and American literature. He played a crucial role in the literary scene through his influential journals, The English Review and The Transatlantic Review. Ford's notable works include the acclaimed novels The Good Soldier, the Parade's End tetralogy, and The Fifth Queen trilogy. His literary achievements have solidified his place among the great writers of the 20th century, earning recognition in prestigious lists of must-read novels.

Frank Bruni is a well-known American journalist, recognized for his contributions to The New York Times starting in 1995. His roles at the publication have included chief restaurant critic and op-ed columnist. Besides his work at The Times, Bruni serves as a Professor of the Practice of Journalism and Public Policy at Duke University. He is also a successful author with five books that delve into various topics like political dysfunction, personal battles with overeating, college admissions, and George W. Bush.

Armond Allen White, an American film and music critic, is renowned for his contributions to various publications like National Review, Out, CityArts, New York Press, and The City Sun. He has also written for Film Comment, Variety, The Nation, The New York Times, Slate, Columbia Journalism Review, and First Things. White is known for his provocative and unconventional reviews, where he frequently takes controversial and contrarian stances in film criticism. As a minority in multiple aspects within his profession - being African-American, gay, and conservative - he has attracted attention for his unique perspective.

Harry Jay Knowles is an American former film critic and writer known for creating the website Ain't It Cool News (AICN). He was a respected member of the Austin Film Critics Association until being removed in September 2017 amid allegations of sexual assault. Despite this controversy, Knowles' work through AICN solidified his status as a notable figure in the film industry. His influence on film culture and criticism continues to be a significant aspect of his professional legacy.

A. O. Scott, a respected American journalist and cultural critic, began his career at The New York Review of Books, Variety, and Slate before joining The New York Times in 2000 as a film critic. By 2004, he had become the chief film critic, sharing the role with Manohla Dargis. In 2023, he made the transition to The New York Times Book Review, highlighting his broad expertise in critiquing different types of media.

Annie Dillard is a renowned American author recognized for her compelling narrative prose in fiction and non-fiction. She has a diverse body of work encompassing poetry, essays, prose, and literary criticism, including two novels and a memoir. Her book "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek" earned her the prestigious Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1975. Dillard also dedicated 21 years to teaching in the English department at Wesleyan University, where she shared her expertise and passion for literature with students.

John Henry Lahr is a highly respected American theater critic and writer, renowned for his substantial impact on the field. He held the position of senior drama critic and staff writer at The New Yorker from 1992 to 2013. Lahr has written more than twenty books that delve into different facets of theater, revealing his profound knowledge and love for the art form. As a distinguished biographer of modern times, Lahr's writings remain influential among audiences and fellow academics.

Peter Ackroyd is a distinguished English biographer, novelist, and critic acclaimed for his expertise in the history and culture of London. His impressive body of work encompasses novels focusing on English history and culture, as well as biographies of notable individuals such as William Blake, Charles Dickens, T. S. Eliot, Charlie Chaplin, and Sir Thomas More. Ackroyd has been honored with prestigious literary awards, including the Somerset Maugham Award and two Whitbread Awards, for his exceptional writing style, versatile voice, and meticulous research. He is a respected fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Joris-Karl Huysmans was a French novelist and art critic known for his novel "À rebours" (Against the Grain), which featured a unique use of language, extensive vocabulary, and satirical wit. Initially linked with Naturalism, he later embraced the Decadent movement. His works often reflected a profound pessimism influenced by Arthur Schopenhauer. Huysmans also delved into themes of Catholicism and religious conversion in his novels, with "La cathédrale" being his most successful work in terms of commercial reception.

James Rufus Agee was a versatile American writer celebrated for his work across various literary genres and as a film critic. He gained prominence in the 1940s as a film critic for Time magazine and later received critical acclaim posthumously for his novel "A Death in the Family," which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1958. Agee's collaborative efforts on the book "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" and his contributions as a screenwriter on films such as "The African Queen" and "The Night of the Hunter" further solidified his legacy in the literary and film worlds.

Northrop Frye was a renowned Canadian literary critic and theorist celebrated for his influential work in the field. His book Fearful Symmetry gained global recognition for its fresh interpretation of William Blake's poetry. However, it was Anatomy of Criticism that firmly established Frye as a leading literary critic of the 20th century. His contributions were highly esteemed, with critics such as Harold Bloom hailing him as the foremost authority on Western literature. Throughout his career, Frye made significant contributions to cultural and social criticism, earning widespread acclaim and numerous accolades.

Waldemar Januszczak, a prominent Polish-British art critic, television documentary producer, and presenter, has earned acclaim for his work in the field. He has held key roles as an art critic at The Guardian and The Sunday Times, receiving the Critic of the Year award on two occasions. Januszczak is recognized for his insightful analysis and engaging presentation style, which have made significant contributions to art criticism and documentary production. His work has been widely praised, establishing him as a leading figure in the art world both in the UK and globally.

John Hammond Jr. was a significant American record producer, civil rights activist, and music critic who played a crucial role in shaping popular music in the 20th century. As a talent scout, he discovered and supported the careers of numerous legendary musicians in diverse genres, such as Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Billie Holiday, Count Basie, and Aretha Franklin. Additionally, Hammond was a key figure in revitalizing the music of delta blues artist Robert Johnson, making a lasting impact on the music industry.

Erin McNaught, a versatile Australian talent, has achieved success in modeling, acting, presenting, and beauty pageantry. Starting her career in modeling, she represented Australia at Miss Universe 2006. McNaught then ventured into acting with a role in the soap opera Neighbours and became a TV presenter for MTV's MTV Hits Weekly Hot30 Countdown show. Her achievements highlight her strong presence in the entertainment industry.

I. A. Richards was a prominent figure in the New Criticism movement in literary theory. He emphasized the importance of closely reading literary texts, especially poetry, to appreciate their self-contained aesthetic qualities. Richards co-authored "The Meaning of Meaning" and wrote influential works such as "Principles of Literary Criticism," "Practical Criticism," and "The Philosophy of Rhetoric," which were instrumental in defining the literary approach of New Criticism.

Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr. was a renowned American historian and public intellectual known for his expertise in American history, particularly focusing on the history of 20th-century American liberalism. He delved into the lives and impact of influential leaders such as Harry S. Truman, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Robert F. Kennedy. Schlesinger played key roles as a primary speechwriter and adviser to Democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson II and as a special assistant and "court historian" to President Kennedy. His detailed account of the Kennedy administration in "A Thousand Days" earned him a Pulitzer Prize. Schlesinger also actively supported Senator Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign and coined the term "imperial presidency" during the Nixon administration.

Mimi Gates is a renowned American art historian celebrated for her impactful contributions to the cultural realm. She notably led the Seattle Art Museum as director, shaping its programs and collections with her expertise. Dedicated to advancing art education and enriching appreciation for various artistic forms, Gates is recognized for her innovative curation and preservation methods, establishing herself as an esteemed figure in the art community.

Kenneth Tynan, a well-known English theatre critic and writer, gained fame for his influential contributions at The Observer, where he supported emerging British theatrical talent. In 1963, he assumed the role of literary manager for the newly established National Theatre Company. Tynan was a staunch critic of theatre censorship and made headlines for using the word "fuck" on British television in 1965. Later on, he moved to California where he continued his writing career, leaving a significant imprint on the realms of theatre and cultural criticism.

Brian Sewell, the renowned English art critic, was known for his sharp critiques of conceptual art and the Turner Prize. He gained fame for his work at the Evening Standard, where he shared his acerbic views on contemporary art. Referred to as "Britain's most famous and controversial art critic" by The Guardian, Sewell was both celebrated and polarizing in the art world. Recognized as the "nation’s best art critic" by the Standard, his insightful analyses and unique perspective set him apart in the field.

Walter Pater, a prominent English essayist, art and literary critic, and fiction writer, was known for his exceptional writing style. His notable work, "Studies in the History of the Renaissance," later revised as "The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry," established his unique approach to art and emphasized the importance of an intense inner life. Pater's writings made a significant contribution to Aestheticism, sparking both admiration and controversy. He was highly respected for his profound insights into art and literature, solidifying his reputation as a distinguished figure in the field.

Robert Hughes, a distinguished Australian art critic, writer, and television producer, was widely recognized for his significant contributions to the art scene. He achieved global recognition for his book and television series, "The Shock of the New," delving into modern art. Hughes' impact extended through his role as an art critic for TIME magazine and his popular book, "The Fatal Shore," which explored early Australian history. Known for his provocative criticisms and traditional preferences, Hughes was celebrated for his eloquent and compelling writing style.

George Steiner was a distinguished literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator renowned for his profound exploration of the interplay between language, literature, and society, particularly in the context of the Holocaust. He held esteemed academic positions at the University of Geneva, University of Oxford, Harvard University, and Churchill College, Cambridge. Steiner was widely respected in literary circles, with many regarding him as one of the foremost intellectuals of his era. His profound insights and compelling lecturing approach resonated deeply with audiences, leaving a lasting impact.

Clement Greenberg, known by the pseudonym K. Hardesh, was a prominent American essayist and art critic associated with American modern art in the mid-20th century. He was recognized as a formalist aesthetician and closely connected to the abstract expressionism movement. Greenberg played a crucial role in promoting artists such as Jackson Pollock and shaping the perception and value of modern art through his influential writings and critiques, leaving a lasting legacy in the art world.

Wesley Morris is a distinguished American film critic and podcast host known for his extensive professional experience. He holds the position of critic-at-large at The New York Times and co-hosts the widely popular podcast Still Processing. Prior to this, Morris has made significant contributions to The Boston Globe and Grantland. He is a distinguished Pulitzer Prize winner, having been honored in both 2012 and 2021 for his outstanding work in criticism, particularly in the realm of race relations in the United States. Notably, Morris is the sole recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism on multiple occasions.

Stephen Thomas Erlewine, a prominent American music critic, gained recognition for his role as a former senior editor at AllMusic. He has written multiple artist biographies and record reviews for the platform and continues to work as a freelance writer, occasionally supplying liner notes. Erlewine's educational background includes studying English at the University of Michigan and holding editorial positions at The Michigan Daily. He has made significant contributions to respected guides on blues and hip-hop music genres, establishing himself as a reputable figure in the music industry.

F. R. Leavis, a significant English literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century, taught at Downing College, Cambridge, and the University of York. He was highly influential in the 1950s and 1960s, leaving a lasting mark on the study of English literature. Known for his purposeful approach, Leavis was recognized by Clive James for his dedication to literary criticism.

Edmund Wilson Jr. was a prominent American writer, literary critic, and journalist known for his significant contributions to 20th-century literary criticism. He began his career as a journalist for Vanity Fair and The New Yorker, eventually becoming the editor of The New Republic and the chief book critic for The New Yorker. Wilson was highly respected for his influential works like Axel's Castle and his fearlessness in exploring diverse topics beyond literature. As an accomplished author, he produced works such as I Thought of Daisy and Memoirs of Hecate County. Wilson's legacy includes his impactful Library of America series and accolades like two National Book Awards and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Elaine Showalter is an influential American literary critic, feminist, and writer known for her significant contributions to feminist literary criticism in academia. She is credited with developing the concept of gynocritics, which focuses on studying women as writers. Showalter has authored and edited numerous books and articles covering a wide range of topics, including feminist literary criticism, fashion, and controversial works on illnesses. She has also worked as a television critic for People magazine and served as a commentator on BBC radio and television. Showalter received the Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism in 2003.

André Bazin was a prominent French film critic and theorist known for his influential work in the field of cinema. He began writing about film in 1943 and co-founded the esteemed film magazine Cahiers du cinéma in 1951. Bazin's contributions to film theory include advocating for realism as the primary function of cinema, emphasizing objective reality, deep focus, and minimal montage. His belief in leaving interpretation to the viewer set him apart from earlier film theorists who focused on the manipulative aspects of cinema.

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick was a prominent American academic scholar renowned for her pioneering contributions to gender studies, queer theory, and critical theory. Through her groundbreaking books and critical writings, she played a key role in shaping the field of queer studies. Sedgwick delved into themes of male homosocial desire in literature, challenging traditional notions of sexuality and identity. She introduced influential terms such as homosocial and antihomophobic, drawing from feminist scholarship, psychoanalysis, and cultural analysis in her interdisciplinary approach. Sedgwick's legacy encompasses a broad exploration of queer performativity, affect theory, and material culture.

Roger Fry was an influential English painter, critic, and a key member of the Bloomsbury Group. He championed Post-Impressionism in French painting, shaping public awareness of modern art in Britain. Fry emphasized formal qualities over representational content, reshaping artistic preferences in the Anglophone world and introducing Parisian avant-garde developments to an educated audience. His impact on taste and appreciation of art was immense.

Louis Aragon was a key figure in French literature, renowned for his involvement in the surrealist movement as a poet, novelist, and editor. He played a significant role in co-founding the surrealist review Littérature alongside André Breton and Philippe Soupault. Aragon was committed to the Communist Party and held a position in the Académie Goncourt. His impact reached beyond France, as he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature several times, beginning in 1959.

Adolphe Adam was a prolific and versatile French composer celebrated for his contributions to opera, ballet, and popular music. He composed numerous piano arrangements, light songs, ballads, operas, and ballets known for their genuine inspiration and dramatic development. Some of his most famous works include the operas Le chalet and Le postillon de Lonjumeau, and the ballet Giselle, recognized as a significant achievement in choreography. Additionally, Adam's musical legacy includes the enduring Christmas favorite, "O Holy Night".

Paul Le Flem was a notable French composer and music critic recognized for his significant contributions to classical music. His works, shaped by his Breton background, featured folk influences and showcased emotional depth and complex harmonies. Known for his innovative style, Le Flem earned a reputation as a talented composer. Additionally, he was respected for his insightful critiques of musical works and performances.

Ruth Reichl is a well-known American chef, food writer, and editor with a successful career spanning various roles. She has worked as a food critic for respected publications like the Los Angeles Times and The New York Times, and has authored cookbooks, memoirs, and a novel. Reichl has also been involved in television production, co-producing PBS's Gourmet's Diary of a Foodie and hosting Gourmet's Adventures With Ruth. Her significant contributions to the culinary industry have been recognized with six James Beard Foundation Awards.

Cesare Pavese was a renowned Italian author celebrated for his extensive and impactful contributions to literature. His prolific body of work, encompassing novels, poetry, short stories, translations, literary criticism, and essays, established him as a leading figure in Italian literary circles. Pavese's writing skillfully delved into the intricacies of human emotions and relationships, earning him a reputation as one of the most influential writers of his time. His unique style and profound insights continue to resonate within the Italian literary community, cementing his legacy as a highly regarded and revered literary figure.

Paul Dukas, a French composer, critic, scholar, and teacher, was known for his self-critical nature and selective approach to his compositions. His renowned piece, "The Sorcerer's Apprentice," achieved widespread recognition after being featured in the Disney film "Fantasia." Dukas was respected across different factions in the French music scene and drew inspiration from various composers. In addition to composing, he was a prolific music critic and later became a professor at prestigious music institutions, mentoring notable composers such as Maurice Duruflé and Olivier Messiaen.

Jean Metzinger was a prominent 20th-century French painter, writer, critic, and poet who made significant contributions to Cubism. He explored various artistic styles before delving into Cubism, where he became a notable artist and theorist. Metzinger played a vital role in the Cubist movement, co-authoring a major treatise on the subject and being a founding member of the Section d'Or group. During World War I, he continued to advance Cubism by co-founding the phase known as Crystal Cubism, which emphasized the role of mathematics in art.

Peter Bradshaw is a well-known British writer and film critic, recognized for his contributions to The Guardian and Esquire. As the chief film critic at The Guardian since 1999, he has become a respected figure in the industry. Bradshaw's reviews and analyses are highly regarded, attracting a large audience and influencing the film industry. His role as a contributing editor at Esquire also highlights his expertise and significant contributions to the media landscape.

Clive Bell, a prominent art critic and theorist, is known for developing the concept of "significant form" in art. His book "Art" (1914) introduced this theory, which focuses on the arrangement of lines and colors to evoke aesthetic emotions. Bell was associated with the Bloomsbury Group and his ideas influenced many contemporary artists. Additionally, he was recognized for his strong stance on pacifism, being a conscientious objector during World War I and advocating against the use of military force. Bell's contributions to art theory and pacifism have had a lasting impact on the cultural landscape.

Stanley Eugene Fish is a well-known American literary theorist, legal scholar, author, and public intellectual. He currently serves as the Floersheimer Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Yeshiva University's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in New York City. With a focus on anti-foundationalism, Fish is linked to postmodernism and is recognized for his impact on reader-response theory. He has taught at esteemed institutions such as the University of California, Berkeley, Johns Hopkins University, Yale Law School, and Columbia University.

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a prominent Indian scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic known for her significant contributions to postcolonial theory. She currently serves as a University Professor at Columbia University and played a key role in establishing the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society there. Spivak gained international recognition for her essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" and her translation of Jacques Derrida's work. She has also translated numerous works by Mahasweta Devi into English and received prestigious awards for her critical theorist and educator roles advocating against intellectual colonialism.

Maurice Blanchot, a prominent French writer, philosopher, and literary theorist, is recognized for his exploration of a philosophy of death and poetic theories of meaning and sense. His work greatly influenced post-structuralist philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jean-Luc Nancy. Blanchot delved into intricate themes like language, literature, and existence, making significant contributions to literary theory and philosophy. His ideas remain highly regarded and continue to be studied by scholars and intellectuals globally.

Gabriel Marcel was a prominent French philosopher known for his work in Christian existentialism. With a vast body of work including over a dozen books and at least thirty plays, he explored the struggles individuals face in a technology-dominated society. Marcel's perspective, distinct from other existentialist thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre, was described using terms like philosophy of existence or neo-Socrateanism. His two-volume work, The Mystery of Being, established him as a key figure in existential thought.

Janet R. Maslin is a distinguished American journalist known for her roles as a film and literary critic at The New York Times. She served as a film critic for over two decades before transitioning to a book critic for another fifteen years. Maslin was also instrumental in founding the Jacob Burns Film Center in Pleasantville, New York, and currently holds the position of president on its board of directors.

Duncan Hines was a well-known American author and food critic recognized for his restaurant reviews that catered to discerning travelers in search of top-quality dining options. His expertise in food and hospitality led to the creation of a successful food product brand that still bears his name. Hines' reviews and recommendations were influential in shaping the culinary scene, setting high standards for excellence in the food industry and influencing consumer preferences.

Bosley Crowther Jr. was an influential American journalist, writer, and film critic who spent 27 years at The New York Times. While his critiques were known to shape the careers of actors, directors, and screenwriters, some found them overly harsh. Crowther was a notable supporter of foreign-language cinema in the 1950s and 1960s, championing filmmakers like Roberto Rossellini, Vittorio De Sica, Ingmar Bergman, and Federico Fellini.

Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji was an English composer, music critic, pianist, and writer celebrated for his diverse and innovative body of work spanning over seventy years. His compositions, varying from brief pieces to extensive works, demonstrated exceptional technical proficiency and a distinctive fusion of baroque structures with contemporary elements. Sorabji's music, especially his piano compositions, symphonies, toccatas, and studies, showcased avant-garde harmonies and rhythms that were ahead of their time. Despite limiting public performances, his significant contributions to 20th-century music have been increasingly acknowledged since the early 2000s.

William Dean Howells was a prominent figure in American literature, renowned for his achievements as a realist novelist, literary critic, and playwright. He rose to fame as the editor of The Atlantic Monthly and is well-known for his novels including The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Traveler from Altruria. Howells' literary works frequently delved into social themes, and he received acclaim for his Christmas tale "Christmas Every Day," which was later made into a movie. His significant contributions led to him being honored with the title "The Dean of American Letters."

Max Jacob was a versatile French artist renowned for his work as a poet, painter, writer, and critic. He made significant contributions to literature and art, becoming a prominent figure in the cultural scene of his era. His writings and critiques were highly respected, showcasing his profound understanding and admiration for diverse art forms. Jacob's innovative and creative work remains a subject of study and celebration, leaving a lasting imprint on the French artistic landscape.

Lionel Trilling was a distinguished American literary critic, short story writer, essayist, and teacher renowned for his substantial impact on literary criticism in the 20th century. His analyses delved into the cultural, social, and political dimensions of literature, positioning him as a prominent figure in the discipline. A pivotal member of the New York Intellectuals and a significant contributor to the Partisan Review, Trilling influenced intellectual conversations and literary criticism throughout his professional journey.

George Henry Lewes was an influential English philosopher, literary critic, and amateur physiologist during the mid-Victorian era. He actively participated in discussions on Darwinism, positivism, and religious skepticism. Lewes is well-known for his close partnership with the writer Mary Ann Evans, also known as George Eliot, with whom he lived as soulmates. Their relationship had a profound impact on both their personal lives and literary works, despite never entering into a formal marriage. Lewes's legacy is characterized by his intellectual insights and forward-thinking perspectives on literature and science.

Leslie Stephen was a distinguished English author, critic, historian, biographer, and early humanist activist. He made noteworthy contributions to literary criticism and biographical writing, earning respect in the literary realm. Stephen's works revealed his profound literary comprehension and critical acumen. His engagement in mountaineering also brought a distinctive aspect to his professional endeavors. Leslie Stephen's diverse career had a lasting influence on literature, history, and activism.

David Fricke is a prominent American music journalist with over 40 years of experience in the industry. He is best known for his work as the senior editor at Rolling Stone magazine, where he has been a key figure focusing on rock music. Fricke's career at Rolling Stone includes serving as the music editor in the 1990s before transitioning to his current role. His insightful writing and extensive knowledge have established him as one of the most respected names in rock journalism.

François Mauriac was a distinguished French writer, known for his novels, plays, criticism, poetry, and journalism. He was a revered member of the Académie française and received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1952 for his exceptional literary contributions. Mauriac's works were praised for their deep exploration of human nature and morality, earning him recognition in French literature circles. His strong Catholic faith was a significant influence on his writing and perspectives.

Henry Gauthier-Villars, recognized by the pen name Willy, was a well-known French writer and music critic in the fin de siècle era. He used different pseudonyms like Henry Maugis, Robert Parville, and Boris Zichine. Notably, he collaborated with Colette, whom he later married. Willy's impact went beyond his own writing, as he influenced the literary landscape of his time through his critiques and guidance of burgeoning writers.

Vincent Canby was a prominent American film and theatre critic known for his work at The New York Times. He served as the chief film critic from 1969 to the early 1990s, reviewing over a thousand films. Later, he became the chief theatre critic at the same publication from 1994 until his passing in 2000. Throughout his career, Canby's insightful reviews and critiques had a significant influence on the film and theatre industries, establishing him as a respected and influential figure in the world of arts criticism.

Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky was a well-known Russian literary and social critic, journalist, novelist, democrat, and socialist philosopher. He is recognized as a prominent figure in Russian nihilism and Narodniks, often described as a utopian socialist. Chernyshevsky was a central figure in the revolutionary democratic movement in 1860s Russia, despite later exile to Siberia. His work was highly praised by influential figures including Karl Marx, Georgi Plekhanov, and Vladimir Lenin.

Stanley Lawrence Crouch was a multifaceted American figure in the realms of poetry, music, and cultural criticism, as well as a respected novelist and biographer. Renowned for his insightful jazz criticism, Crouch's influence extended to his work as a syndicated columnist and his notable novel "Don't the Moon Look Lonesome?" throughout his professional career. Crouch's diverse talents allowed him to make significant contributions to various artistic and literary fields, earning him a lasting legacy in American cultural discourse.

Arthur Coleman Danto, a well-known American art critic and philosopher, made significant contributions to philosophical aesthetics, philosophy of history, and the philosophy of action during his tenure as a Columbia University professor. His wide-ranging interests included philosophy of art, theories of representation, philosophical psychology, Hegel's aesthetics, and the philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre. Danto's influence extended beyond academia, as he served as a respected art critic for The Nation, leaving a lasting impact across multiple intellectual domains.

Rufus Wilmot Griswold was an influential American anthologist, editor, poet, and critic who made significant contributions to American literature. He compiled comprehensive anthologies of American poetry, highlighting the best works of his time. While praised for his literary accomplishments, Griswold also faced criticism for his contentious personality and controversial actions, including copyright infringements. His rivalry with Edgar Allan Poe and subsequent efforts to discredit Poe's reputation often overshadowed his literary work. Griswold advocated for the integration of American poetry into school curricula and supported copyright legislation, despite his own questionable behavior.

Mark Van Doren was a distinguished American poet, writer, and critic who had a significant career as a scholar and English professor at Columbia University for nearly four decades. He influenced many writers and thinkers, such as Thomas Merton, Robert Lax, John Berryman, Whittaker Chambers, Allen Ginsberg, and Jack Kerouac. Van Doren's professional accomplishments included being the literary editor of The Nation, writing critical studies on notable figures like Shakespeare and Nathaniel Hawthorne, and receiving the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1940. His enduring impact on Columbia University's literary community is evidenced by the prestigious teaching awards that bear his name.