Literary Critics

Henry Louis Gates Jr. is a well-known American literary critic, professor, historian, and filmmaker who holds the prestigious position of Alphonse Fletcher University Professor at Harvard University. He also serves as the director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard. Gates is a trustee of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History and is recognized for rediscovering the earliest known African-American novels and his extensive publications on African-American literature in the Western canon. Additionally, he hosts the PBS series Finding Your Roots, which explores the genealogy and histories of notable individuals.

Clive James was an Australian critic, journalist, broadcaster, writer, and lyricist who established his career in the United Kingdom. Initially focusing on literary criticism, he later became a well-known television critic for The Observer, celebrated for his dry wit. James also found success as a poet and satirist, becoming a prominent figure in the UK as a television writer and host of his own programs. His renowned work, such as the show ...on Television, highlighted his gift for astute analysis and sharp humor.

Robert Graves was a renowned English poet, soldier, historical novelist, and critic, celebrated for his extensive body of work comprising over 140 works. He achieved widespread recognition for his poetry, translations, and analytical writings on Greek mythology. His memoir recounting his World War I experiences, "Good-Bye to All That," is regarded as a timeless piece of literature. Additionally, Graves received critical acclaim for his historical novels such as "I, Claudius" and "King Jesus," as well as his translations of Classical Latin and Ancient Greek texts, admired for their clarity and style.

Harold Bloom, a leading American literary critic and Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University, was highly influential in the field of literary criticism. He authored over 50 books, with a majority of them dedicated to exploring various aspects of literature. Bloom's work included editing multiple anthologies and championing the traditional Western canon in the face of the emerging "School of Resentment." His influence was felt worldwide, as his works were translated into more than 40 languages. In recognition of his academic contributions, Bloom was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1995.

John Dryden established himself as a key figure in Restoration England's literary landscape. Named England's inaugural Poet Laureate in 1668, he earned the moniker "Glorious John" from Romantic writer Sir Walter Scott. Dryden's profound influence led to his era being dubbed the Age of Dryden. His innovative works remain revered for their lasting impact on English literature.

George Ames Plimpton was an American writer famous for his sports writing and as the founding editor of The Paris Review. He introduced "participatory journalism" by actively immersing himself in different professional activities, including sports, acting, comedy, and music with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. His clever and stylish writing captured his amusing and sometimes clumsy experiences in these diverse fields, endearing him to readers in the literary and cultural sphere.

André Aciman is a prominent Italian-American writer and esteemed professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, where he teaches the history of literary theory and the works of Marcel Proust. He has also taught creative writing at New York University and French literature at Princeton University and Bard College. In 2009, Aciman was a Visiting Distinguished Writer at Wesleyan University. Known for his acclaimed novel "Call Me by Your Name," he has authored several other novels and a memoir titled "Out of Egypt," which received a Whiting Award.

Diana Wynne Jones was a prolific British writer known for her fantasy and speculative fiction works aimed at children and young adults. She explored themes such as time travel, parallel universes, and science fiction in her writing. Jones's notable works include the Chrestomanci series, the Dalemark series, the Moving Castle novels, Dark Lord of Derkholm, and The Tough Guide to Fantasyland. Her influence on the genre is seen through the admiration and inspiration she provided for authors like Philip Pullman, Terry Pratchett, J.K. Rowling, and Neil Gaiman. Jones received numerous award nominations and accolades during her career, solidifying her legacy in the world of children's literature.

Terence Francis Eagleton is an English philosopher, literary theorist, and critic known for his work "Literary Theory: An Introduction." He is a Distinguished Professor of English Literature at Lancaster University and has published over forty books. Eagleton is a prominent critic of postmodernism and his thinking is influenced by Marxism and Christianity. He has held prestigious professorships at the University of Oxford and the University of Manchester, delivering lectures at universities globally and writing extensively on religion and cultural theory.

Giles Lytton Strachey, an English writer and critic, is renowned for his groundbreaking approach to biography. As a key figure in the Bloomsbury Group, he introduced a fresh writing style that melded psychological depth, empathy, irreverence, and humor. His notable works include Eminent Victorians, a genre-defying biography, and Queen Victoria, which earned him the prestigious James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Strachey's literary impact is still lauded for its distinct viewpoint and notable contributions to the field.

Anne Tyler is a highly regarded American novelist known for her richly developed characters, meticulous attention to detail, and artful writing style. She has written twenty-four novels that have received critical acclaim and recognition, with several being finalists for prestigious awards such as the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Tyler is a recipient of accolades including the Pulitzer Prize, the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Her literary prowess has drawn comparisons to esteemed authors like John Updike, Jane Austen, and Eudora Welty.

Margaret Drabble is a celebrated English biographer, novelist, and short story writer, known for receiving prestigious literary awards such as the John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Her contributions to literature also encompass notable biographies of Arnold Bennett and Angus Wilson, along with editorial work on The Oxford Companion to English Literature and a book on Thomas Hardy. Drabble's accomplishments have been acknowledged by esteemed institutions like the University of Cambridge and the American Academy of Arts and Letters, establishing her as a highly regarded figure in the literary realm.

Ford Madox Ford was a highly influential English novelist, poet, critic, and editor renowned for his significant impact on early 20th-century English and American literature. Through his journals, The English Review and The Transatlantic Review, he played a pivotal role in the literary world. Some of Ford's most noteworthy works include The Good Soldier, the Parade's End tetralogy, and The Fifth Queen trilogy. His literary contributions have firmly established him as one of the great writers of the 20th century, earning him a place on numerous esteemed lists of essential novels.

Annie Dillard is an accomplished American author known for her narrative prose in fiction and non-fiction. Her diverse body of work includes poetry, essays, prose, and literary criticism, along with two novels and a memoir. Dillard's book "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek" earned her the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1975. She also taught in the English department at Wesleyan University for 21 years starting in 1980, showcasing her dedication to both writing and education.

Peter Ackroyd is a distinguished English biographer, novelist, and critic renowned for his expertise in the history and culture of London. His wide-ranging portfolio includes novels centered on English history and culture, along with biographies of notable individuals such as William Blake, Charles Dickens, T. S. Eliot, Charlie Chaplin, and Sir Thomas More. Ackroyd has been honored with prestigious literary awards, such as the Somerset Maugham Award and two Whitbread Awards, in recognition of his exceptional writing style, versatile voice, and extensive research. He is a respected fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Northrop Frye was a renowned Canadian literary critic and theorist celebrated for his influential contributions to the field. His book Fearful Symmetry gained global recognition for its innovative reinterpretation of William Blake's poetry. However, it was Anatomy of Criticism that firmly established him as a leading literary critic of the 20th century. Frye's work was highly esteemed, with critics such as Harold Bloom hailing him as the preeminent authority on Western literature. Throughout his career, Frye made significant advancements in cultural and social criticism, earning widespread acclaim and numerous accolades.

I. A. Richards, an English educator, literary critic, poet, and rhetorician, made significant contributions to the New Criticism movement in literary theory. He focused on closely reading literary texts, especially poetry, to comprehend their function as self-contained aesthetic objects. Richards co-authored "The Meaning of Meaning" and wrote important texts such as "Principles of Literary Criticism," "Practical Criticism," and "The Philosophy of Rhetoric," which were instrumental in shaping the literary methodology of New Criticism.

Walter Pater was a renowned English essayist, art and literary critic, and fiction writer celebrated for his exceptional writing style. His influential work, "Studies in the History of the Renaissance," later revised as "The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry," introduced his unique perspective on art and championed the idea of a rich inner life. Pater's writings made a notable impact on Aestheticism, generating both admiration and debate. His profound analyses of art and literature established him as a respected figure in the field.

George Steiner was a renowned literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator recognized for his in-depth exploration of the interplay between language, literature, and society, particularly in relation to the impact of the Holocaust. He held esteemed academic roles at the University of Geneva, University of Oxford, Harvard University, and Churchill College, Cambridge. Steiner was widely respected in literary circles, with many admirers regarding him as one of the great intellects of his era. His profound insights and prophetic lecturing approach resonated with audiences and left a significant mark.

F. R. Leavis, a renowned English literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century, was highly influential in his field. Known for his work during the 1950s and 1960s, he held teaching positions at Downing College, Cambridge, and later at the University of York. Leavis made a lasting impact on the study of English literature and was considered one of the most prominent critics of his time. His dedication to his work and the field of literary criticism was symbolized by his brisk and purposeful demeanor, as noted by Clive James.

Elaine Showalter is a prominent American literary critic known for her contributions to feminist literary criticism and the development of gynocritics. She has written extensively on a wide range of topics, including women writers, fashion, and illnesses, often sparking controversy with her work. Showalter has authored and edited numerous books and articles and has also worked as a television critic for People magazine and a commentator for BBC radio and television. Her achievements include receiving the Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism in 2003.

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick was a prominent American academic scholar recognized for her pioneering contributions to gender studies, queer theory, and critical theory. Through her influential books and critical writings, she played a significant role in shaping the field of queer studies. Sedgwick explored themes of male homosocial desire in literature, challenging conventional ideas about sexuality and identity. She introduced terms such as homosocial and antihomophobic, and her interdisciplinary approach incorporated feminist scholarship, psychoanalysis, and cultural analysis. Sedgwick's legacy encompasses a broad investigation of queer performativity, affect theory, and material culture.

Cesare Pavese was a renowned figure in Italian literature, excelling as a novelist, poet, short story writer, translator, literary critic, and essayist. He made significant contributions to the literary world, earning a reputation as one of the most influential writers of his time. Pavese's work delved into the intricacies of human emotions and relationships, showcasing a prolific output that resonated deeply with readers. His writing style and critical perspectives left a lasting imprint on the Italian literary landscape, establishing him as a highly esteemed and revered literary figure.

Stanley Eugene Fish, a prominent American literary theorist and legal scholar, is currently the Floersheimer Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Yeshiva University's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in New York City. He is recognized for his work in anti-foundationalism and his association with postmodernism, particularly his influence on reader-response theory. Fish has taught at esteemed institutions such as the University of California, Berkeley, Johns Hopkins University, Yale Law School, and Columbia University throughout his career.

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is an Indian scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic known for her significant contributions to postcolonial studies. She is a University Professor at Columbia University and a founding member of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society. Spivak gained renown for her essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" and her translation of Jacques Derrida's De la grammatologie. She has also translated works by Mahasweta Devi and received prestigious awards for her critical theorist and educator roles advocating against intellectual colonialism. In recent years, she has distanced herself from postcolonialism, as evident in her published works.

Maurice Blanchot was a distinguished French writer, philosopher, and literary theorist whose exploration of a philosophy of death and poetic theories of meaning and sense influenced post-structuralist thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jean-Luc Nancy. His writings delved into intricate themes like language, literature, and existence, making significant contributions to the fields of literary theory and philosophy. His ideas remain influential and esteemed among scholars and intellectuals globally.

Janet R. Maslin is a well-known American journalist recognized for her extensive career as a film and literary critic at The New York Times. She spent over two decades as the Times film critic before transitioning to a fifteen-year tenure as a book critic. Maslin also played a crucial role in founding the Jacob Burns Film Center in Pleasantville, New York, where she now serves as the president of its board of directors.

William Dean Howells is a key figure in American literature, renowned for his work as a realist novelist, literary critic, and playwright. He achieved recognition as the editor of The Atlantic Monthly and is acclaimed for novels like The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Traveler from Altruria. His writing frequently delved into social issues, and he received praise for his Christmas story "Christmas Every Day," which was adapted into a film. He is affectionately referred to as "The Dean of American Letters."

Max Jacob was a versatile French artist celebrated for his contributions as a poet, painter, writer, and critic. He made significant strides in literature and art, establishing himself as a prominent figure in the cultural scene of his time. His writings and critiques were well-regarded, reflecting his deep understanding and appreciation of various art forms. Jacob's work is studied and celebrated for its innovation and creativity, leaving a lasting impact on the French artistic landscape.

George Henry Lewes was an English philosopher, literary and theater critic, and amateur physiologist who had a significant impact during the mid-Victorian era. He engaged in discussions on Darwinism, positivism, and religious skepticism. Lewes is known for his partnership with Mary Ann Evans, also known as George Eliot, with whom he shared a close personal and professional bond. Their relationship influenced their work and enriched their lives, despite never marrying. Lewes left a legacy of intellectual contributions and progressive ideas on literature and science.

Leslie Stephen was a distinguished English author, critic, historian, biographer, and humanist activist. His influential contributions to literary criticism and biographical writing earned him a respected position within the literary community. Stephen's profound knowledge of literature and critical acumen were evident in his works. His engagement in mountaineering also brought a distinctive element to his professional endeavors. Overall, Leslie Stephen's diverse career had a lasting influence on literature, history, and activism.

François Mauriac, a renowned French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, was a respected member of the Académie française and a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1952. His literary works were celebrated for their deep exploration of human nature and morality. Mauriac made significant contributions to French literature, earning prestigious honors like the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur. His writing and worldview were notably influenced by his strong Catholic faith.

Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky was a prominent Russian literary and social critic, journalist, novelist, democrat, and socialist philosopher. He is recognized as a key figure in Russian nihilism and Narodniks, playing a central role in the revolutionary democratic movement of the 1860s in Russia. Despite facing exile to Siberia later in life, his work was highly praised by influential figures such as Karl Marx, Georgi Plekhanov, and Vladimir Lenin.

Rufus Wilmot Griswold was a notable American anthologist, editor, poet, and critic who made significant contributions to American literature. He curated comprehensive anthologies of American poetry that highlighted the best works of his era. Despite his literary accomplishments, Griswold faced backlash due to his harsh demeanor and controversial actions, including copyright infringements. His rivalry with Edgar Allan Poe and subsequent efforts to tarnish Poe's reputation often overshadowed his literary work. Griswold advocated for the integration of American poetry into school curricula and backed copyright legislation, despite his own questionable behaviors.

Felix Salten was an Austro-Hungarian author and literary critic known for his acclaimed work "Bambi, a Life in the Woods." This novel was later adapted into a beloved animated film by Walt Disney Productions in 1942. Salten made significant contributions to literature and criticism, particularly focusing on nature and animal themes. His imaginative storytelling continues to captivate audiences, leaving a lasting impact on the world of literature and entertainment.

Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr was a celebrated French critic, journalist, and novelist recognized for his keen wit and perceptive commentary. His significant contributions to the literary world, through both critical writings and engaging novels, have left a lasting impact. Karr's work demonstrated a remarkable attention to detail and a profound insight into human nature, solidifying his esteemed status in the French cultural landscape. His enduring legacy serves as a source of inspiration for writers and critics today.

Viktor Borisovich Shklovsky was a renowned Russian and Soviet literary theorist, critic, writer, and pamphleteer celebrated for his significant contributions to Russian formalism. His seminal work, "Theory of Prose," published in 1925, established him as a pivotal figure in literary and cultural theory. Shklovsky's unconventional ideas and intellectual acumen positioned him as a key thinker of the twentieth century, influencing Russian cultural discourse with his innovative concepts and critical viewpoints.

Paul Fussell Jr., an American cultural and literary historian, author, and university professor, was well-regarded for his diverse writings on topics ranging from eighteenth-century English literature to America's class system. He served in the 103rd Infantry Division during World War II, where he was wounded in combat. Fussell held teaching positions at Rutgers University and the University of Pennsylvania, where he made notable contributions to the study of World War I and II, emphasizing the stark disparity between the glorified notions of war and its brutal truths.

Donald Hall Jr. was a versatile American writer known for his extensive body of work across multiple genres, including children's literature, biography, memoir, essays, and poetry. He was the first poetry editor of The Paris Review and later served as the 14th Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry for the Library of Congress. Hall's writing often explored rural themes and a profound appreciation for nature. His impact extended to academia through his teaching roles at renowned universities and his commitment to the art of writing.

Margaret Forster was a versatile and accomplished English writer, excelling in novels, biographies, memoirs, history, and literary criticism. She gained recognition for works like "Georgy Girl," adapted into a successful film and inspired a hit song. Other achievements include "Diary of an Ordinary Woman," biographies of figures like Daphne du Maurier and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and memoirs "Hidden Lives" and "Precious Lives." Forster's professional life was marked by creativity, depth, and insight into human experiences.

James Benjamin Blish was a notable American author of science fiction and fantasy. He is best known for his Cities in Flight series and his Star Trek novels co-authored with his wife. Blish received critical praise for his Hugo Award-winning novel A Case of Conscience. Additionally, he coined the term "gas giant" to refer to large planets, leaving a lasting impact on the genre. Using pseudonyms like William Atheling Jr., he also wrote literary critiques on science fiction and contributed stories to respected publications such as Super Science Stories and Amazing Stories.

Frédéric Beigbeder is a distinguished French writer, literary critic, and television presenter renowned for his celebrated novels and significant contributions to the literary field. He has been honored with prestigious accolades such as the Prix Interallié for "Windows on the World" and the Prix Renaudot for "A French Novel." Beigbeder is also notable for founding the Flore and Sade Awards, demonstrating his impact in the literary domain. Moreover, he holds the position of executive director at Lui, a prominent French adult entertainment magazine, broadening his professional pursuits.

Lorenzo Valla, an Italian Renaissance humanist and scholar, is renowned for his historical-critical analysis of texts. His work revealed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery, questioning the temporal authority asserted by the papacy. This revelation greatly weakened the papacy's influence. Valla's contributions are seen as crucial during the Renaissance and are seen as laying the groundwork for the Reformation, as he rigorously scrutinized historical texts and challenged prevailing beliefs.

John Oliver Bayley was a distinguished British academic, literary critic, and writer known for his insightful analysis of literary works. Serving as the Warton Professor of English at the University of Oxford for nearly two decades, he was highly regarded for his meticulous examinations of diverse subjects, including Goethe, Pushkin, and Jane Austen. Bayley was recognized as a preeminent reviewer, celebrated for his deep knowledge, logical scrutiny, and original insights, particularly in the realms of poetry and Russian and Central European literature.

Sir Herbert Edward Read, an English art historian, poet, literary critic, and philosopher, is renowned for his extensive writings on art, with a particular emphasis on its importance in education. He was instrumental in establishing the Institute of Contemporary Arts and was a notable figure in English anarchism. Read played a key role in introducing existentialism to English literature and co-edited the British English edition of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, demonstrating his broad interests and significant contributions across multiple domains.

M. H. Abrams, an influential American literary critic, made significant contributions to the study of romanticism through his renowned work, The Mirror and the Lamp. Serving as the editor of The Norton Anthology of English Literature, he played a pivotal role in establishing it as a fundamental text for undergraduate survey courses nationwide. Abrams's influence extended to shaping literary canon formation, establishing him as a key figure in the field of literary criticism and education.

Cleanth Brooks, a prominent American literary critic and professor, made significant contributions to New Criticism in the mid-20th century. Through works like The Well Wrought Urn and Modern Poetry and the Tradition, he transformed the teaching of poetry in American higher education. Brooks focused on ambiguity and paradox in interpreting poetry, influencing formalist criticism and close reading principles. He also gained recognition for his critiques of Southern literature, notably his analyses of William Faulkner's works. Additionally, he co-founded The Southern Review journal with Robert Penn Warren.

Abdul Rahman Munif was a prominent figure in Arabic literature, known for his work as a novelist, short story writer, memoirist, journalist, thinker, and cultural critic. His writing often delved into political themes and offered satirical portrayals of the Middle Eastern elite classes. Munif gained acclaim for his quintet of novels, particularly "Cities of Salt," which examined the impact of oil discovery on traditional Bedouin culture. Despite facing opposition from Saudi Arabian rulers, resulting in the banning of his books and revocation of citizenship, Munif's legacy as a significant author of the 20th century endures.

E.D. Hirsch, Jr. is a prominent American educator, literary critic, and theorist of education. He is widely recognized for his influential book "Cultural Literacy," advocating for a common knowledge foundation in education. Hirsch established the Core Knowledge Foundation, offering comprehensive curriculum guidelines for grades Pre-K through 8. Additionally, he has written extensively on English literature and interpretation theory, stressing the importance of understanding authors' intentions. Hirsch's work has fueled discussions and shaped educational standards, establishing him as a significant figure in the education sector.

Kathryn Schulz, a renowned American journalist and author, gained recognition for her work at The New Yorker. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing in 2016 for her illuminating article on the looming danger of a significant earthquake and tsunami in the Pacific Northwest. Schulz's commitment to journalism was further acknowledged in 2023 with the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Memoir or Biography. Her influential writing and investigative prowess have established her as a highly respected figure in the field of journalism.

Maryse Condé was a renowned French novelist, critic, and playwright celebrated for her exploration of the African diaspora in the Caribbean stemming from slavery and colonialism. She taught at various academic institutions across Africa, North America, the Caribbean, and Europe. Condé's works, primarily in French, have been translated into multiple languages, including English, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Japanese. She received numerous prestigious awards for her writing, such as the Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme, Prix de l'Académie française, Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe, and the New Academy Prize in Literature. Additionally, she was recognized as a strong contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

William Empson was an influential English literary critic and poet recognized for his practice of closely reading literary works, which became foundational to New Criticism. His most famous work, Seven Types of Ambiguity, published in 1930, established him as a leading figure in literary criticism. Empson's analytical approach and profound insights into language and meaning have had a lasting influence on the field of literary studies. He is considered one of the greatest English literary critics of the 20th century, known for his wit and humor alongside Johnson and Hazlitt.

James Fenton is a renowned English poet, journalist, and literary critic. His distinguished career includes serving as an Oxford Professor of Poetry, where he has demonstrated his expertise and passion for the written word. Fenton's work has made a lasting impact on the literary world, with his insightful critiques and creative contributions earning high regard. Through his writing and academic pursuits, Fenton has solidified his position as a prominent figure in poetry and literature, recognized for his talent and dedication.

Erich Auerbach, a German philologist and comparative scholar, is well-known for his significant contributions to literature criticism. His influential work, "Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature," examines the development of representation in Western literary works throughout history. Auerbach's expertise in comparative literature, particularly in collaboration with his contemporary Leo Spitzer, established him as a prominent figure in the field. His scholarly research and critical analyses have had a lasting influence on the study of realism in literature.

Randall Jarrell was a distinguished American literary figure renowned for his contributions as a poet, literary critic, children's author, essayist, and novelist. Notably, he held the position of the 11th Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. Jarrell's legacy is marked by prestigious accolades such as a Guggenheim Fellowship, a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and the National Book Award for Poetry. His works are celebrated for their profound insights and enduring influence on American literature.

Édouard Glissant, a prominent French writer from Martinique, made significant contributions to Caribbean intellectual discourse and Francophone literature. His work delved into themes of identity, diversity, and cultural interactions, particularly in the context of colonialism and post-colonialism. Glissant's writings emphasized the concept of creolization and called for a more inclusive world where diverse cultures could coexist harmoniously.

Sara Danius, a renowned Swedish literary critic, philosopher, and scholar specializing in literature and aesthetics, held esteemed academic roles at Södertörn University, Uppsala University, and Stockholm University. As a member of the Swedish Academy, she made history as its first female permanent secretary. Danius played a key role in the events that led to the cancellation of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature and the subsequent reorganization of the academy.

John Crowe Ransom was a prominent American educator, scholar, literary critic, poet, essayist, and editor who played a crucial role in the New Criticism school of literary criticism. He was a faculty member at Kenyon College and the founding editor of the esteemed Kenyon Review. Ransom was known for his exceptional teaching and mentorship, as well as for his acclaimed poetry and essays, which earned him awards and a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Anna Laetitia Barbauld was a prominent English poet, essayist, literary critic, editor, author of children's literature, and noted teacher at the Palgrave Academy. Her writing career spanned over half a century, during which she made significant contributions to British literary history across multiple genres. Barbauld's work promoted enlightenment values and sensibility, playing a key role in the development of British Romanticism. While facing criticism and marginalization in later years, she was rediscovered and celebrated by feminist literary critics in the 1980s.

John Cowper Powys was a versatile English author known for his success with the novel "Wolf Solent" in 1929, which solidified his reputation as a prominent literary figure. Often seen as a successor to Thomas Hardy, Powys is celebrated for works such as "A Glastonbury Romance," "Weymouth Sands," and "Maiden Castle," which are collectively known as his Wessex novels. His engaging lectures found resonance in both England and the United States, where he spent a considerable part of his career crafting and releasing novels.

Laura Riding was a versatile American writer who made notable contributions to poetry, criticism, fiction, and essays. Her significant body of work displayed her talent and intellectual depth. Riding's innovative poetic style and exploration of philosophical themes earned her critical acclaim. As a respected critic, she provided valuable insights into literature and language. Her work as a novelist and short story writer showcased her storytelling abilities and literary prowess.

Damon Francis Knight was a prominent American science fiction author, editor, and critic known for his significant contributions to the genre. He authored the acclaimed short story "To Serve Man," which was later adapted for The Twilight Zone. Knight's professional life was marked by his role as an influential editor in the science fiction field, where he played a crucial role in shaping the careers of aspiring writers. His critical insights and literary contributions have left a lasting impact on the science fiction community.

Sir John Frank Kermode was a distinguished British literary critic known for his influential work "The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction." He held prestigious positions as a professor of English literature at University College London and Cambridge University. Kermode's expertise extended to editing roles, including the Fontana Modern Masters series. He was a prolific writer for respected literary publications like the London Review of Books and The New York Review of Books.

Elizabeth Hardwick was a celebrated American literary figure recognized for her contributions as a critic, novelist, and short story writer. She left a lasting impact on the literary landscape with her thought-provoking critiques, captivating novels, and poignant short stories. Hardwick delved into intricate themes, providing profound perspectives on human nature and relationships. Her writing garnered widespread acclaim, solidifying her reputation as a revered and influential presence in the realm of literature.

John Addington Symonds Jr. was a notable English poet, literary critic, and cultural historian who specialized in the Renaissance period. He gained recognition for his biographies of writers and artists, and his profound exploration of male love and homosexuality. Symonds advocated for different types of male-male relationships, such as pederastic and egalitarian bonds, which he termed as l'amour de l'impossible. Through his poetry inspired by his own encounters with same-sex love, he played a role in promoting awareness and tolerance of homosexuality during his era.

Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky was a Russian literary critic known for his Westernizing tendency. He influenced poet and publisher Nikolay Nekrasov and the magazine Sovremennik significantly. Belinsky focused on literary criticism due to less censorship compared to political writings and was influential among the younger generation. He valued society over individualism, supported the expression of individual ideas and rights, and opposed the role of Orthodoxy. Belinsky emphasized reason, knowledge, criticized autocracy, and theocracy.

Wolfgang Iser was a renowned German literary scholar who made significant contributions to reader-response criticism and reception theory. He dedicated his career to examining the dynamic connection between text and reader, underscoring the crucial role of the reader in interpreting and interacting with literature. Iser's influential work has significantly influenced the field of literary theory, shedding light on how readers create meaning through their engagement with texts. His research and writings remain highly regarded in the study of literature, shaping the scholarly discourse and inspiring students and academics globally.

Giosuè Carducci was a prominent Italian poet, writer, literary critic, and teacher who had a significant impact on Italian literature. He was recognized as the official national poet of modern Italy and was the first Italian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906. The Swedish Academy commended his profound knowledge, critical analysis, innovative spirit, fresh style, and poetic power showcased in his masterful works. Throughout his career, Carducci made noteworthy contributions to Italian poetry and left a lasting influence on the literary landscape.

Hall Caine was a prolific British writer known for tackling controversial subjects in his novels, plays, and poems during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He gained immense popularity and sold over ten million books, making him an international literary sensation. Caine was the highest-paid novelist of his era and had many successful plays and film adaptations of his works. Additionally, he served in the Manx House of Keys and made significant contributions to the British war effort in World War I.

Arthur Quiller-Couch, also known as Q, was a distinguished British writer renowned for his substantial literary output. He was acclaimed for his noteworthy novels and for editing The Oxford Book of English Verse, a seminal collection showcasing centuries of English poetry. Quiller-Couch's influence transcended his peers, making a lasting impression on writers globally. His keen literary analysis and editing skills firmly established his legacy in the world of literature, earning him admiration from both fellow authors and readers.

Andrei Bely, also known as Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev, was a prominent Russian novelist, Symbolist poet, theorist, and literary critic. He was a dedicated anthroposophist and follower of Rudolf Steiner. Bely's novel "Petersburg" is considered a significant work of modernist literature and has earned praise from renowned authors such as Vladimir Nabokov. His influence led to the establishment of the prestigious Andrei Bely Prize in Russian literature. Bely's poetic works were celebrated for their musicality, with several compositions performed by Russian singer-songwriters.

August Wilhelm Schlegel was a prominent figure in German intellectual circles, known for his contributions as an Indologist, poet, translator, and critic. Alongside his brother Friedrich, he played a significant role in shaping the literary movement of Jena Romanticism. Schlegel's translations of Shakespeare's plays were instrumental in establishing the English writer's works as classics in the German language. He also made significant contributions to the study of Sanskrit, becoming a leading professor of the language in Continental Europe and producing a notable translation of the Bhagavad Gita.

Boileau, also known as Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, was a prominent French poet and critic renowned for his significant role in reforming French poetry. Influenced by Horace, he dedicated himself to reshaping the prevailing form of French poetry, akin to Blaise Pascal's impact on prose reform. Boileau's contributions were vital in the literary landscape of his era.

Louis Untermeyer was a distinguished figure in American literature, acclaimed for his roles as a poet, anthologist, critic, and editor. As the fourteenth Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1961, he demonstrated his profound knowledge and skills in the field. Untermeyer's significant impact on poetry and literature was widely acknowledged, as he influenced and supported other writers through his editing and critical assessments.

Clifton Fadiman, a renowned American intellectual, author, and editor, made significant contributions to radio and television. He began his career in radio, where his insightful commentary and engaging discussions garnered recognition. Transitioning to television later in his career, Fadiman expanded his influence as a media personality. Known for his sharp intellect, love for literature, and exceptional communication skills, he captivated audiences and established himself as a respected figure in the cultural realm.

Friedrich Schlegel was a German poet, literary critic, philosopher, and linguist known for his role in Jena Romanticism. Alongside his brother August Wilhelm Schlegel, he made significant contributions to classical literature and founded influential journals such as Athenaeum. Schlegel later returned to Christianity and moved to Austria, where he worked as a diplomat and journalist. His work in the Romantic movement, Indo-European studies, and comparative linguistics has had a lasting impact on scholars and composers.

William Michael Rossetti was a significant English writer and critic who made notable contributions to the fields of literature and art. He played a crucial role in the Pre-Raphaelite movement by promoting the works of prominent artists, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Rossetti. Additionally, Rossetti had a successful career as a literary editor, shaping the Victorian literary landscape through his critical insights and editorial work.

Kathleen Jessie Raine was a distinguished British poet, critic, and scholar known for her profound insights into the works of William Blake, W. B. Yeats, and Thomas Taylor. She had a strong interest in spirituality, particularly Platonism and Neoplatonism. Raine co-founded the esteemed Temenos Academy and made significant contributions to literature and academia by exploring philosophical and mystical themes. Her work remains influential and inspiring to scholars and readers globally.

Masaoka Shiki was a prominent Japanese poet, author, and literary critic known for his influential role in modern haiku poetry, having written nearly 20,000 stanzas. He also made notable contributions to the reform of tanka poetry. As one of the four great haiku masters, Shiki dedicated his professional life to innovating and excelling in Japanese poetry.

Sheridan Morley was a renowned English author, biographer, critic, and broadcaster, celebrated for his significant contributions to the theater world. He was the official biographer of Sir John Gielgud and wrote biographies of various theatrical personalities, including Noël Coward, with whom he had personal connections. Described as a "cultural omnivore" by Nicholas Kenyon, Morley was highly regarded for his wide-ranging interests and widespread popularity. His professional life was characterized by a profound engagement with the arts and a talent for capturing the essence of theatrical figures through his writing.

Hugh MacLennan was a celebrated Canadian writer and English professor at McGill University. He garnered widespread acclaim by winning five Governor General's Awards and a Royal Bank Award for his significant literary contributions. His works have left a lasting impression on Canadian literature, delving into themes of identity, culture, and national unity. MacLennan's proficiency in academia and creative writing established him as a prominent figure in Canadian literary circles, shaping a enduring legacy in the country's literary realm.

Dana Gioia is an American poet, literary critic, translator, and essayist known for his involvement in New Formalism and New Narrative movements in American poetry. He played a significant role in reviving the works of poets like Longfellow, Kees, and Wyeth. Gioia served as the chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, where he was credited with saving the organization. He also became the California State Poet Laureate. Gioia has published numerous poetry books, literary criticism volumes, translations, and anthologies, with his work being recognized internationally.

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve was a renowned French literary critic celebrated for his perceptive analyses and reviews of literature. His meticulous and comprehensive approach to criticism highlighted the significance of grasping the context and history behind an author's creations. Sainte-Beuve's critical writings were immensely impactful in molding the literary scene of 19th-century France. He was esteemed for his talent in uncovering the subtleties and intricacies of literary pieces, making substantial contributions to the field of literary studies.

Alexander Nikolayevich Afanasyev was a renowned Russian Slavist and ethnographer known for compiling a vast collection of East Slavic and Russian fairy and folk tales. His work included not only Russian folklore but also stories from Ukraine and Belarus. Published in eight volumes from 1855 to 1867, Afanasyev's collection solidified his reputation as a significant figure in folklore studies. Often likened to the Brothers Grimm, he played a crucial role in preserving and popularizing traditional Slavic tales for future generations.

Edmund Gosse was a prominent literary figure known for his work as a poet, critic, translator, and librarian. He began his career as an assistant librarian at the British Museum and later published poetry, criticism, and translations. Despite lacking academic qualifications, he lectured at Trinity College, Cambridge, and became a respected art critic. Gosse played a key role in introducing Scandinavian literature and playwright Henrik Ibsen to the British public. His most famous work, "Father and Son," delved into his complex relationship with his father. Gosse received honors for his literary contributions, including being named a Companion of the Order of the Bath and knighted.

Irving Howe was a renowned American literary and social critic, celebrated for his perceptive insights and analysis. He made a lasting impact on intellectual dialogue with his writings and critiques. Howe was a prominent member of the Democratic Socialists of America, championing social justice and equality. His extensive contributions to publications such as The Nation and Commentary, along with his prolific authorship on literature, politics, and culture, solidified his influence in the field. Howe's legacy endures, shaping the work of contemporary writers and thinkers.

Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilev was a prominent Russian poet, literary critic, and military officer who cofounded the Acmeist movement. This movement focused on clarity, precision, and craftsmanship in poetry. Gumilev was highly esteemed for his literary contributions and was known for drawing inspiration from his extensive travels. Unfortunately, his career was abruptly ended when he was arrested and executed by the Cheka in 1921.

Giovanni Papini was a multifaceted Italian writer known for his involvement in avant-garde movements such as futurism and post-decadentism. He was recognized for his distinctive writing style and engaged in passionate debates, often shifting his political and philosophical beliefs. Papini made important contributions to Italian futurism and early literary movements, advocating for the advancement of Italian culture through a poetic vision of life and art. Although his ideas sparked controversy, his works were eventually recognized and praised by notable literary figures like Jorge Luis Borges.

Korney Chukovsky was a celebrated Russian children's poet known for his captivating rhythms, creative rhymes, and whimsical characters. His popular works include "The Monster Cockroach," "Crocodile," and "Wash-'em-Clean," which have delighted generations of Russian-speaking children. Chukovsky also transformed Doctor Dolittle tales into Russian poetry, translated Mother Goose rhymes, and brought works by writers such as Walt Whitman and Mark Twain into the Russian language. In addition to his poetry, Chukovsky was respected as a literary critic, essayist, and translator of various renowned authors.

John Rechy is a Mexican-American novelist and essayist known for his exploration of gay culture in Los Angeles and America. His debut novel, City of Night, was a best seller. He has made significant contributions to Mexican-American literature with works like The Miraculous Day of Amalia Gomez. Despite his literary success, he worked as a prostitute well into his forties while teaching at UCLA. He also faced personal struggles with drug use and witnessed the devastating impact of the AIDS crisis on his friends.

Robert Stuart Fitzgerald was a celebrated American poet, literary critic, and translator recognized for his exceptional translations of the Greek classics, which have become essential for scholars and students. Specializing in ancient Greek and Latin texts, he emerged as a prominent figure in the field. Apart from his translating endeavors, Fitzgerald also penned numerous poetry books, highlighting his versatility and writing prowess. His impactful contributions to literature and academia marked his professional journey.

Joachim du Bellay was a notable French poet and critic who was a central figure in the literary movement La Pléiade. He advocated for the French language to be considered equal in artistic merit to Greek and Latin. Du Bellay is best known for writing the manifesto of La Pléiade, "Défense et illustration de la langue française," which sought to champion French literature. His influence on French poetry and language has left a lasting mark on the literary world.

John Middleton Murry was a prolific English writer, having authored over 60 books along with numerous essays and reviews spanning literature, social issues, politics, and religion. He was a renowned critic who had close ties with prominent literary figures like Katherine Mansfield, D. H. Lawrence, and T. S. Eliot. Murry was especially recognized for his editorial work on Mansfield's writings posthumously and for his friendship with and brief affair with Frieda Lawrence.

Georg Brandes, a Danish critic and scholar, left a significant impact on Scandinavian and European literature during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He led the "Modern Breakthrough" movement, promoting realism and naturalism in literature and critiquing overly aesthetic and fantastical writing. Brandes' lectures on 19th-century literature and his involvement in establishing the newspaper Politiken, focused on enlightenment, were instrumental in shaping cultural and political discussions in Denmark. His influence extended to authors such as Henrik Ibsen and contributed to the formation of the political party Det Radikale Venstre.

Sterling Allen Brown was a distinguished American professor, folklorist, poet, and literary critic renowned for his in-depth exploration of black culture in the Southern United States. He held a prominent position as a distinguished professor at Howard University for most of his career. Brown's significant contributions to literature and academia earned him the honor of being appointed as the first Poet Laureate of the District of Columbia. His work not only celebrated the depth of black culture but also served as an inspiration to numerous scholars and poets.

T. E. Hulme was an influential English critic and poet known for his significant impact on modernism through his writings on art, literature, and politics. He was recognized as an aesthetic philosopher and often referred to as the "father of imagism." Hulme's professional life was characterized by his keen insights into the artistic and literary movements of his time, as well as his critical views on modern culture. His work continues to be studied and appreciated for its lasting influence on the development of modernist thought.

Philippe Sollers, a renowned French writer and critic, founded the avant-garde literary journal Tel Quel in 1960, which was published by Le Seuil until 1982. Later, he created the journal L'Infini, initially published by Denoel and later by Gallimard, where he served as the sole editor. Sollers played a central role in the intellectual scene of 1960s and 1970s Paris, contributing to the publication of influential critics and thinkers such as Jacques Derrida, Jacques Lacan, Louis Althusser, and Roland Barthes.

V.S. Pritchett was a renowned British writer and literary critic celebrated for his exceptional short stories, insightful essays, and significant contributions to non-fiction literature. Works such as "The Sailor," "The Saint," and "The Camberwell Beauty" are widely acclaimed for their depth and storytelling prowess. Pritchett's memoirs, including A Cab at the Door and Midnight Oil, highlight his versatility and mastery of the written word. His numerous collections and critical essays have left a lasting impact on the world of literature.

A.C. Bradley was an esteemed English literary scholar renowned for his contributions to the study of Shakespeare. His insightful analysis and critical writings on Shakespeare's works have left a lasting impact on the field of literature. Bradley's expertise and deep understanding of Shakespearean texts have been instrumental in shaping the way scholars and readers interpret and appreciate the complexity and depth of the Bard's plays and poetry. His work continues to be influential and highly regarded in academic circles worldwide.

Barbara Ellen Johnson, a notable American literary critic and translator, was recognized for her impactful contributions to English and Comparative Literature at Harvard University. She skillfully incorporated structuralist and poststructuralist viewpoints, including deconstruction, Lacanian psychoanalysis, and feminist theory, into her academic endeavors. Johnson was instrumental in popularizing Jacques Derrida's theories among English-speaking readers, thereby enhancing the acceptance of these concepts in the United States. Her work firmly establishes her as a prominent figure within the distinguished "Yale School" of academic literary criticism.