Astronauts

Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer, achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first person to walk on the Moon in 1969. Prior to this accomplishment, he had a distinguished career as a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. Joining NASA's Astronaut Corps in 1962, Armstrong played integral roles in the Gemini and Apollo space missions. His iconic words, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," resonated globally during the Apollo 11 mission. Through his significant contributions to space exploration, Armstrong garnered numerous prestigious awards and honors.

Buzz Aldrin is a retired American astronaut, engineer, and fighter pilot who played a key role in space exploration. He piloted the Gemini 12 mission and was the Lunar Module Eagle pilot during the Apollo 11 mission, where he became the second person to walk on the Moon after Neil Armstrong. Aldrin holds a Doctor of Science degree in astronautics, making him the first astronaut with a doctoral degree. He has been a strong advocate for space exploration post-NASA and is credited with developing the Aldrin cycler for efficient travel to Mars.

John Glenn had a remarkable professional journey, beginning as an accomplished fighter pilot in multiple wars and later becoming one of the Mercury Seven astronauts at NASA. In 1962, he achieved a historic milestone as the first American to orbit the Earth. Following his time at NASA, Glenn served as a U.S. Senator for 24 years. At the age of 77, he ventured back into space, setting records as the oldest person in space and the only individual to fly in both the Mercury and Space Shuttle programs.

Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut, achieved a historic milestone in 1961 by becoming the first human to journey into outer space aboard Vostok 1. This accomplishment propelled him to international fame and earned him accolades such as the Hero of the Soviet Union title. Gagarin was also part of the backup crew for Soyuz 1; however, he was prohibited from further spaceflights following a fatal crash involving his colleague. Despite this setback, he continued his career in aviation until his untimely death in a plane crash in 1968.

Jim Lovell is a retired American astronaut, naval aviator, test pilot, and mechanical engineer. He was a key member of the historic Apollo 8 mission in 1968, the first to orbit the Moon. Lovell later commanded the Apollo 13 lunar mission in 1970, successfully overcoming a critical failure and safely bringing the crew back to Earth. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy and held various important roles within the Navy, including as a flight instructor and safety engineering officer. Lovell was chosen as an astronaut for the Gemini and Apollo programs, completing four spaceflights, including two to the Moon. He has received prestigious awards and co-authored the book Lost Moon, which was the basis for the film Apollo 13.

Michael Collins was an American astronaut and test pilot who served as a major general in the U.S. Air Force Reserve. He flew in space twice, first on Gemini 10 in 1966 and then as part of the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. During Apollo 11, Collins orbited the Moon while his fellow astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made their historic landing. After retiring from NASA, he held various positions in the Department of State, National Air and Space Museum, and LTV Aerospace. Collins was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom and Congressional Gold Medal for his contributions to space exploration.

Sunita Williams, an accomplished American astronaut and United States Navy officer, holds records for the most spacewalks and the longest spacewalk time by a woman. She has been involved in numerous expeditions to the International Space Station, where she served as a flight engineer and commander. Notably, in 2024, Williams made history as a crew member on the first crewed mission of the Boeing Starliner. Her career is marked by exceptional skill, leadership, and dedication to the field of space exploration.

Sally Kristen Ride was a distinguished American astronaut and physicist, renowned as the first American woman to venture into space. She joined NASA in 1978 and participated in two Space Shuttle missions, where she deployed satellites and operated the robotic arm. Post her NASA tenure, she engaged in physics research and played a role in committees examining space shuttle accidents. Ride's work significantly influenced space exploration, optics, and scattering, leaving a lasting impression on the scientific world.

Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom was a prominent American engineer, pilot, and veteran known for his important work in space exploration. He was one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts chosen by NASA and made significant contributions to Project Mercury, Project Gemini, and the Apollo program. Grissom was a distinguished veteran of World War II and the Korean War with a background as a skilled test pilot, receiving numerous prestigious awards for his service. Sadly, he lost his life during a pre-launch test for the Apollo 1 mission.

Jonny Kim is a highly accomplished professional with a diverse background in the U.S. Navy. He has held various roles, including lieutenant commander, SEAL, Naval flight surgeon, and Naval aviator. Kim is also a physician who has received prestigious awards such as the Silver Star and Bronze Star with V device. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and a Doctor of Medicine degree. Kim's exceptional career led to his selection into NASA Astronaut Group 22 in 2017. He completed astronaut training in 2020 and is currently awaiting a flight assignment with the Artemis program.

Christa McAuliffe, an American teacher and astronaut, was selected for the NASA Teacher in Space Project. With degrees in education and history, she taught social studies at Concord High School. McAuliffe was chosen to participate in the Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-51-L to conduct experiments and teach lessons from space. Unfortunately, the shuttle broke apart after launch, leading to the tragic loss of all crew members. McAuliffe was later honored posthumously with schools named after her and awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut known for his significant contributions to the Soviet space program. He commanded the historic Voskhod 1 mission, the first to carry multiple crew members, and later piloted Soyuz 1 on its first crewed test flight. Despite experiencing medical challenges, he played active roles in space vehicle design, cosmonaut training, evaluation, and public relations. Unfortunately, he tragically became the first human to die in a space flight when his Soyuz capsule crashed upon re-entry in 1967.

Mae Carol Jemison is an accomplished American engineer, physician, and former NASA astronaut. She became the first African-American woman in space when she flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992. Jemison holds degrees in chemical engineering and African-American studies from Stanford University and earned her medical degree from Cornell University. Prior to joining NASA in 1987, she worked as a doctor for the Peace Corps. After her time at NASA, Jemison went on to establish a technology research company, a non-profit educational foundation, and led the 100 Year Starship project supported by DARPA. She is also a published author and has been recognized for her significant contributions to space exploration and education.

Scott Kelly, an American engineer, retired astronaut, and naval aviator, commanded the International Space Station on Expeditions 26, 45, and 46, totaling four space flights. He served as a pilot on Space Shuttle Discovery during STS-103 and as a mission commander on STS-118. Kelly spent a year on the ISS during Expeditions 43, 44, 45, and 46 before retiring from NASA in 2016 following a distinguished career in space exploration.

Valentina Tereshkova, a Russian engineer and former Soviet cosmonaut, was the first woman in space. In 1963, she made history by completing a solo mission on Vostok 6. Following her spaceflight, Tereshkova remained active in the space program as a cosmonaut instructor. She also pursued additional education at the Air Force Engineering Academy and held political positions representing the Communist Party and United Russia party in various governmental bodies.

Kalpana Chawla, an Indian-born American astronaut and aerospace engineer, made history by becoming the first woman of Indian origin to travel to space. She served as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 (STS-87). Tragically, she was aboard the final flight of Columbia in 2003 (STS-107) and lost her life in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Despite her untimely death, Chawla's contributions were acknowledged with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and several institutions were named in her honor.

Chris Hadfield, a Canadian retired astronaut, engineer, fighter pilot, musician, and writer, was the first Canadian to conduct extravehicular activity in space and commanded the International Space Station. He began his career as a fighter pilot in the Canadian Armed Forces before transitioning to become an astronaut. With three space missions under his belt, Hadfield visited both the Russian space station Mir and the ISS. He is recognized for his significant contributions to space exploration, scientific research, and his exceptional communication skills with the public.

Leroy Gordon Cooper Jr. was an American aerospace engineer, test pilot, and United States Air Force pilot. He was one of the original seven astronauts in Project Mercury, the first human space program of the United States. Cooper piloted the longest Mercury spaceflight, Mercury-Atlas 9, and later served as the command pilot of Gemini 5, setting a new space endurance record. In addition to his achievements in space exploration, Cooper also had a passion for racing cars and boats. He retired from NASA and the Air Force as a colonel in 1970.

John Leonard Swigert Jr. excelled as an astronaut, engineer, test pilot, and Air Force pilot. He began his NASA career in 1966 following a successful tenure as a civilian test pilot and fighter pilot in the Air National Guard. Swigert achieved a significant milestone as the command module pilot of Apollo 13, navigating a perilous situation with his crew and safely returning to Earth. Beyond his NASA tenure, he pursued a political career, posthumously winning a congressional election after a Senate run.

Lisa Nowak is a former NASA astronaut and United States Navy officer who served as a naval flight officer and test pilot. Selected by NASA in 1996, she flew aboard Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-121 mission in 2006, where she operated robotic arms. Nowak graduated from the United States Naval Academy and earned advanced degrees in aeronautical engineering. She logged over 1,500 flight hours in various aircraft during her Navy career, receiving several military awards. However, she was terminated by NASA and the Navy due to criminal misconduct.

Fred Wallace Haise Jr. is a distinguished American former NASA astronaut, engineer, and test pilot. He served as a fighter pilot in both the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force before becoming a part of NASA. Haise is well-known for his crucial role as Lunar Module pilot on Apollo 13, where he exhibited remarkable skill during the mission's interrupted landing. After his tenure at NASA, he remained active in space exploration by conducting Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests, demonstrating his expertise and commitment to pushing forward aerospace technology.

Deke Slayton was a highly skilled American Air Force pilot, aeronautical engineer, and test pilot. He was part of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts and went on to become NASA's first Chief of the Astronaut Office and Director of Flight Crew Operations. Slayton's impressive career spanned serving in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, earning a degree in aeronautical engineering, working at Boeing, attending the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, and playing a key role in the development of the Space Shuttle.

Ronald McNair was a renowned NASA astronaut and physicist who made significant contributions to space exploration. He was the second African American to journey to space and served as a mission specialist on the Space Shuttle Challenger. Tragically, he lost his life in the Challenger disaster during mission STS-51-L. McNair's legacy endures through his groundbreaking work in space science and his commitment to expanding our knowledge of the universe.

Judith Resnik was a remarkable American engineer, pilot, and astronaut known for her significant contributions to electrical engineering, software engineering, and biomedical engineering. She worked on Navy missile and radar projects at RCA, served as a senior systems engineer at Xerox, and conducted research on integrated circuitry. Resnik was selected by NASA as a mission specialist, becoming part of the first astronaut group to include women. She developed software for NASA missions and operated the robotic arm during her space flights. Tragically, she lost her life in the Challenger disaster in 1986.

John Watts Young was a distinguished American astronaut, naval officer, and aviator who made notable contributions to space exploration. He commanded the Apollo 16 mission, walked on the Moon, flew on various spacecraft, and set world records as a test pilot. Young led Gemini and Apollo missions, orbited the Moon solo, and piloted the Space Shuttle. He also served as Chief of the Astronaut Office during his 42-year career at NASA before retiring.

Thomas Kenneth Mattingly II, a highly accomplished American aviator, aeronautical engineer, and test pilot, served as a rear admiral in the U.S. Navy. He was an astronaut who flew on the Apollo 16 mission and Space Shuttle missions STS-4 and STS-51-C. Mattingly was initially assigned to Apollo 13 but was replaced due to exposure to measles. During Apollo 16's return flight, he conducted a significant extravehicular activity by retrieving film cassettes from the spacecraft, contributing to historic achievements in space exploration.

Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr. was a highly skilled American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, naval officer, aviator, and test pilot. He played a pivotal role in space exploration by leading the Apollo 12 mission and being the third individual to set foot on the Moon. Conrad achieved space endurance records, oversaw missions such as Gemini 11 and Skylab 2, and was recognized with prestigious accolades like the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. Following his service in NASA and the Navy, he held executive roles at notable companies including American Television and Communications Company and McDonnell Douglas.

Malcolm Scott Carpenter was a highly accomplished American professional with a diverse range of expertise. He served as a naval officer, aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, astronaut, and aquanaut. Beginning his career in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War and the Cold War, Carpenter later transitioned to become a test pilot. He was chosen as one of the Mercury Seven astronauts for NASA's Project Mercury, where he successfully orbited the Earth. Additionally, Carpenter played a vital role in the U.S. Navy SEALAB project as an aquanaut, making significant contributions to both space exploration and underwater research.

Major Timothy Nigel Peake is a retired British astronaut and former Army Air Corps officer. He made history as the first British astronaut with the European Space Agency and the second to represent the United Kingdom in space. Peake completed the ESA's astronaut training program in 2010 and went on to board the International Space Station. He is known for his contributions to space exploration and his work as an author, inspiring others with his experiences in space.

Edward Higgins White II was a skilled aeronautical engineer, Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. His military service involved flying different fighter planes. White enhanced his knowledge in aeronautical engineering and transitioned into a test pilot role, aiding the Aeronautical Systems Division. Selected as an astronaut, he notably participated in the Gemini 4 mission, achieving the milestone of being the first American to conduct a spacewalk. Sadly, White met his end in a pre-launch testing mishap for Apollo 1.

Frank Borman was a notable American Air Force colonel, astronaut, and businessman. He commanded the historic Apollo 8 mission, the first to orbit the Moon. Borman achieved a spaceflight endurance record during Gemini 7 and contributed significantly to the inquiry into the Apollo 1 fire. Following his time at NASA, he took on executive roles at Eastern Air Lines, leading the company through a profitable period amid challenges like deregulation. Borman later ventured into the automotive and ranching industries.

Julie Payette is a Canadian engineer and scientist who served as the Governor General of Canada from 2017 to 2021. She holds engineering degrees from McGill University and the University of Toronto. Payette joined the Canadian Space Agency in 1992 as an astronaut, completing two spaceflights and serving as CSA's chief astronaut. She also held various leadership positions within the agency and the Montreal Science Centre. Payette resigned in 2021 after a workplace review revealed she had created a toxic work environment.

Walter Marty Schirra Jr. was a highly skilled American naval aviator and astronaut who played a key role in advancing space exploration. Chosen as one of the original seven astronauts for Project Mercury, he later flew missions in the Gemini and Apollo programs. Schirra's achievements included significant milestones such as the first space rendezvous and commanding the Apollo 7 mission. Following a successful career, he retired from the Navy and NASA and continued to contribute as a consultant for CBS News.

Harrison Hagan "Jack" Schmitt is an American geologist, former NASA astronaut, university professor, and former U.S. senator from New Mexico. He made history by being the only person without a military aviation background to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. Schmitt was part of NASA's first scientist-astronaut group and is the only professional scientist to have ventured beyond low Earth orbit and visited the Moon. Additionally, he played a significant role in training Apollo astronauts and later pursued a career in politics, serving as a U.S. senator.

Francis Richard "Dick" Scobee was an accomplished American pilot, engineer, and astronaut who held a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering. He served as a combat aviator in the Vietnam War before being selected for the NASA Astronaut Corps in 1978. Scobee piloted the Challenger mission STS-41-C in 1984 after extensive training. Tragically, he lost his life while commanding the Space Shuttle Challenger during the STS-51-L mission in 1986 due to a booster failure. His dedication to space exploration and contributions to NASA's missions remain a significant part of his professional legacy.

Eugene Cernan was a distinguished American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, and fighter pilot. He graduated from Purdue University with a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and joined the U.S. Navy through NROTC. Cernan served as a fighter pilot, earning his naval aviator wings and later obtaining a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering. He reached the rank of captain before retiring from the Navy. Cernan flew into space three times, participating in two lunar missions, ultimately becoming the most recent person to walk on the Moon.

Edgar Mitchell was a distinguished United States Navy officer, aviator, and test pilot who later became a NASA astronaut. He made history as the sixth person to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 14 mission in 1971. Mitchell was highly educated, holding degrees in Industrial Management, aeronautical engineering, and a doctorate in Aeronautics and Astronautics. He excelled in his military training and later served as an instructor for astronaut candidates. Following his time at NASA, Mitchell focused on scientific and parapsychology work, particularly through the Institute of Noetic Sciences.

Ellison Onizuka was an American astronaut and engineer who flew into space on the Space Shuttle Discovery for mission STS-51-C. Sadly, he lost his life in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster during mission STS-51-L. Onizuka was the first Asian American and the first person of Japanese origin to travel to space, making significant contributions to aerospace engineering and space exploration throughout his career.

Roger B. Chaffee was an American naval officer, aviator, and aeronautical engineer who joined the NASA astronaut program during the Apollo era. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from Purdue University in 1957 and then underwent Navy training. Chaffee held various positions in the Navy and served as a pilot flying different types of aircraft. In 1963, he was chosen as an astronaut and later worked as a CAPCOM for Gemini missions. Unfortunately, Chaffee lost his life during the Apollo 1 pre-launch test in 1967.

Peggy Annette Whitson is a highly accomplished American biochemistry researcher and astronaut who retired from NASA in 2018 after serving as Chief Astronaut. She holds the record for the most time spent in space by any American or woman, totaling 665 days. Whitson achieved numerous milestones in her career, including commanding the International Space Station twice, being the first woman to command the ISS, serving as NASA's Chief Astronaut, and setting records for spacewalks. She continues to contribute to space exploration as a consultant for Axiom Space and as a mission commander.

Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma is a renowned Indian astronaut and former Indian Air Force officer who made history as the first Indian citizen to journey into space aboard Soyuz T-11 through the Soviet Interkosmos program in 1984. His distinguished career in aviation and space exploration reflects his commitment to serving his nation. Sharma's groundbreaking space mission has left a lasting impact, inspiring countless individuals and establishing his legacy as a pioneer in space exploration.

Richard Allen Garriott is a well-known video game developer, entrepreneur, and private astronaut who was born in Britain and is now based in the United States. He is best known for creating the influential Ultima game series, having been involved in all eleven main installments. In 2009, Garriott established the video game development company Portalarium and served as CEO and creative director for Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues until 2018. Additionally, he undertook a space mission aboard the Soyuz TMA-13 to the International Space Station in 2008 as a private astronaut, making him the second space traveler with a parent who was also an astronaut.

Charles Moss Duke Jr. is a former American astronaut, United States Air Force officer, and test pilot. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy, completed advanced flight training on the F-86 Sabre, and served as a fighter pilot in West Germany. Duke joined NASA's astronaut group in 1966 and was involved in several Apollo missions. He served as the Lunar Module pilot on Apollo 16. After retiring from NASA, Duke entered the Air Force Reserve and achieved the rank of brigadier general before retiring in 1986.

Alan LaVern Bean was a multi-talented individual, serving as an American naval officer, aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, NASA astronaut, and painter. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Aeronautical Engineering before embarking on a career with the U.S. Navy, where he excelled as a fighter pilot. In 1963, NASA selected Bean as an astronaut, leading to his historic achievement as the fourth person to set foot on the Moon as part of the Apollo 12 mission. Following his space missions, Bean dedicated himself to painting, primarily creating artworks inspired by space and capturing his unique experiences in orbit.

Sergei Krikalev, a Russian mechanical engineer and former cosmonaut, has made significant contributions to space exploration. With six space flights and a total of 803 days, 9 hours, and 39 minutes spent in space, Krikalev holds an impressive record. His dedication was evident when he remained on board the Mir for 311 consecutive days during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. After retiring as a cosmonaut, Krikalev transitioned into leadership roles within the space industry, demonstrating his expertise and commitment to advancing space exploration.

Jessica Meir is an American NASA astronaut, marine biologist, and physiologist specializing in comparative physiology. Her research has focused on the diving physiology of emperor penguins in Antarctica and the migratory capabilities of bar-headed geese over the Himalayas. Meir has been involved in various space missions and training programs, such as being an aquanaut on NEEMO 4 and training in a space-analogue cave environment. She notably took part in the first all-female spacewalk with Christina Koch and was featured in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2020.

Michael J. Smith was an accomplished American engineer and astronaut who served as the pilot of the ill-fated Space Shuttle Challenger during the STS-51-L mission. Unfortunately, the Challenger broke up 73 seconds into the flight, resulting in the loss of all seven crew members. Smith had a distinguished Naval career, flying numerous civilian and military aircraft and accumulating nearly 5,000 hours of flying time. Following his untimely death, he was posthumously promoted to the rank of captain and honored with a chair at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.

Ellen Ochoa is a distinguished American engineer and former astronaut who achieved a significant milestone in 1993 by becoming the first Latina woman to venture into space. During a nine-day mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, she made history. Ochoa later went on to become the director of the Johnson Space Center, marking her as the first Latina and the second female to occupy this role. Her impactful contributions to space exploration have served as an inspiration to many, solidifying her legacy in the field.

Guion Stewart Bluford Jr. is an accomplished American aerospace engineer, retired USAF officer, and former NASA astronaut. He made history as the first African American to travel to space, achieving this milestone on the Space Shuttle Challenger's mission STS-8 in 1983. Bluford reached the rank of colonel in the USAF during his time at NASA and went on to participate in a total of four Space Shuttle flights from 1983 to 1992, leaving a lasting legacy in the field of space exploration.

Rick Husband was a distinguished American astronaut and fighter pilot recognized for his courage and commitment to space exploration. He participated in two space missions, acting as the pilot of STS-96 and the commander of STS-107. Unfortunately, he and his crew members lost their lives in the Columbia shuttle disaster during reentry. Nevertheless, Husband is remembered for his remarkable contributions to space travel and was honored posthumously with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

Anousheh Ansari is a successful engineer and entrepreneur who has held leadership positions at Prodea Systems and Telecom Technologies, Inc. She made history as the first Iranian to travel to space and the first self-funded woman to visit the International Space Station. Ansari's impact also includes her role as the CEO of the X Prize Foundation, where she fosters innovation and backs pioneering projects. Her memoir, "My Dream of Stars," chronicles her remarkable career and achievements.

Helen Patricia Sharman is a distinguished British chemist and astronaut who achieved historic milestones in space exploration. In May 1991, she became the first British person, the first Western European woman, and the first privately funded woman to travel to space. Additionally, Helen Sharman was the first woman to visit the Mir space station. Her groundbreaking accomplishments have advanced scientific knowledge and served as an inspiration to aspiring astronauts.

Gregory Jarvis was an American engineer and astronaut who tragically lost his life during the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-51-L. He served as a payload specialist for Hughes Aircraft, contributing his expertise to aerospace technology. Jarvis was dedicated to advancing space exploration and engineering, making significant contributions to the industry. His work demonstrated a commitment to pushing the boundaries of knowledge and technology for scientific discovery and progress.

Sultan bin Salman Al Saud, a former Royal Saudi Air Force pilot, made history as the first Arab and Muslim member of a royal family to fly in space. He also holds the record as the youngest person to fly on a space shuttle. In December 2018, he was appointed as the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Saudi Space Commission with the rank of minister.

James Benson Irwin was a distinguished American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and United States Air Force pilot. He served as the Lunar Module pilot for Apollo 15, playing a crucial role in the fourth successful human lunar landing. Irwin was the 8th person to walk on the Moon and tragically the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to pass away. His significant contributions to space exploration and aviation demonstrated his commitment to advancing scientific understanding and pushing the limits of human accomplishment.

Charles Frank Bolden Jr. is a former Administrator of NASA, retired United States Marine Corps Major General, and astronaut with four Space Shuttle missions. Graduating from the United States Naval Academy in 1968, he served as a Marine aviator and test pilot before becoming Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy. Bolden was appointed as NASA Administrator in 2009, making history as the first African American to hold the position. He retired from NASA in 2017 and was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2020.

Barbara Radding Morgan, an American teacher and former NASA astronaut, was selected as the backup to Christa McAuliffe for the 1986 STS-51-L mission on the Space Shuttle Challenger. Despite the Challenger tragedy, she persevered in her training and later served as a mission specialist on STS-118 in August 2007. Barbara made history as the first teacher to journey into space, playing a vital role in NASA's Teacher in Space program and making significant contributions to space exploration.

Bruce McCandless II was a distinguished American Navy officer, aviator, electrical engineer, and NASA astronaut, known for his significant contributions to space exploration. In 1984, he made history by successfully conducting the first untethered spacewalk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit during a Space Shuttle mission. His expertise and courage in space earned him accolades as a pioneering figure in extravehicular activity and a key influencer in the progression of human space exploration.

Kathleen Rubins, an accomplished American microbiologist and NASA astronaut, has made notable contributions to space exploration. She participated in her inaugural space mission in 2016, marking her as the 60th woman to venture into space. Over the course of her career, she has been part of various expeditions to the International Space Station, amassing a total of 300 days, 1 hour, and 31 minutes in space. Rubins' commitment and knowledge have established her as a highly regarded figure in the realm of space exploration.

Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov, a distinguished Soviet and Russian cosmonaut, set the record for the longest single stay in space by spending over 14 months aboard the Mir space station during one mission. He was selected as a cosmonaut in 1972 and completed two spaceflights in 1988 and 1994–1995, accumulating a total of more than 22 months in space. Polyakov's significant contributions to space exploration include his endurance of extended space missions, showcasing his exceptional skills and dedication to advancing human spaceflight.

Elliot See Jr. was a highly accomplished American engineer, naval aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He began his engineering career at General Electric after graduating from the United States Merchant Marine Academy. See served as a naval aviator during the Korean War, flying fighter planes. He later returned to GE as a flight test engineer and experimental test pilot, specializing in flying the newest jet aircraft. See was chosen as an astronaut by NASA in 1962 and tragically lost his life in a NASA jet crash while training for his first space mission.

Laurel Clark was an accomplished American astronaut, medical doctor, and United States Navy captain. She served as a mission specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia and tragically lost her life in the Columbia disaster alongside her crew members. Clark's dedication to space exploration and her contributions to NASA were recognized posthumously with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. Her professional life was marked by her commitment to advancing scientific research and her bravery in pursuing missions that expanded our understanding of space.

Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor Al Masrie, a Malaysian orthopaedic surgeon, joined the Expedition 16 crew for a spaceflight mission to the International Space Station. His journey to space began with the launch aboard Soyuz TMA-11 in October 2007 as part of an agreement with Russia's Angkasawan program. Upon returning to Earth on Soyuz TMA-10, he continued his work in the field of orthopaedic surgery, demonstrating his expertise and commitment to his profession.

Leland D. Melvin is a successful American engineer and former NASA astronaut. He participated in Space Shuttle Atlantis missions STS-122 and STS-129 as a mission specialist. After his astronaut career, Melvin became NASA's Associate Administrator for Education, where he played a key role in advancing STEM education programs. Before joining NASA, he also had a career as a professional football player, demonstrating his versatility and skill in various fields.

Dennis Tito is an American engineer and entrepreneur who made history as the first self-funded space tourist. In 2001, he spent almost eight days aboard the International Space Station as a crew member of the visiting mission ISS EP-1, which was launched by Soyuz TM-32 and landed by Soyuz TM-31. Tito's groundbreaking trip into space was a major milestone in commercial space travel and served as inspiration for future ventures in the field.

Christopher Cassidy is a former NASA astronaut and retired United States Navy SEAL. He attained the rank of captain in the U.S. Navy and held the position of Chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA from July 2015 to June 2017. Cassidy participated in his initial spaceflight in 2009 as part of a Space Shuttle mission. Over the course of his career, he showcased outstanding leadership abilities and unwavering commitment to space exploration, playing a pivotal role in both the military and space agency.

William C. McCool was a distinguished American naval officer, aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut. He piloted Space Shuttle Columbia mission STS-107. Tragically, McCool and the entire crew lost their lives when Columbia disintegrated during reentry. McCool was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor for his bravery and dedication to advancing human understanding of space.

Marc Garneau is a retired Canadian Member of Parliament, former astronaut, and naval officer. He served as a Cabinet minister for the Liberal Party from 2015 to 2021, holding roles including minister of foreign affairs and minister of transport. Before entering politics, Garneau was chosen as an astronaut in 1983 and became the first Canadian in space in 1984. Throughout his astronaut career, he took part in three Space Shuttle missions.

Michael P. Anderson was a committed United States Air Force officer and NASA astronaut. He served as the payload commander and lieutenant colonel on the Space Shuttle Columbia, leading science experiments. Unfortunately, Anderson, along with his six crew members, lost their lives in the Columbia disaster during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. Despite the tragedy, Anderson's significant contributions to space exploration were honored with the posthumous award of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti, a former Air Force pilot with the European Space Agency (ESA), became the first Italian woman in space and set the record for the longest uninterrupted spaceflight by a European astronaut. She commanded ISS Expedition 68 and was named one of the most influential people in Europe by Politico Europe. Cristoforetti's accomplishments have broken barriers for women in space exploration, serving as an inspiration with her commitment and skill.

Story Musgrave is a renowned American physician and retired NASA astronaut recognized for his outstanding contributions to space exploration. He has a successful career as a public speaker and consultant for prestigious organizations like Disney's Imagineering group and Applied Minds, where he imparts his knowledge and experience. Musgrave's impressive spaceflight record includes six missions, making him the most educated astronaut with six academic degrees. He is notably the only astronaut to have flown on all five Space Shuttles, highlighting his significant impact on space missions.

Alfred Worden was a skilled American test pilot, engineer, and NASA astronaut. He served as the command module pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971, completing 74 orbits around the Moon aboard the command module Endeavour. Worden's extensive career encompassed roles as a proficient fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut. He made significant contributions to space exploration, notably conducting a groundbreaking extravehicular activity during Apollo 15's return journey. Moreover, Worden continued his impact on the scientific field by promoting space exploration and education initiatives.

Roberta Bondar is a pioneering Canadian astronaut, neurologist, and consultant. She made history as Canada's first female astronaut and the first neurologist in space, contributing significantly to space medicine research, particularly with NASA. Bondar now excels as a consultant and speaker, actively engaging with business, scientific, and medical sectors. Her outstanding accomplishments have earned her prestigious honors and accolades, acknowledging her dedication and influence in the realms of space exploration and medicine.

David M. Brown was a United States Navy captain and NASA astronaut who joined the astronaut corps in 1996. Tragically, he lost his life during his first spaceflight aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107) when it disintegrated during reentry. Despite not completing a space mission before the Columbia disaster, Brown was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in recognition of his dedication and service to space exploration.

Eileen Collins, a retired NASA astronaut and USAF colonel, made significant contributions to space exploration. She was the first woman to pilot the Space Shuttle and the first to command a Space Shuttle mission. Collins had a diverse career, serving as a flight instructor, test pilot, and professor in mathematics. She flew several missions, including a historic mission to rendezvous with the Russian space station Mir and commanding NASA's "return to flight" mission after the Columbia disaster. Collins retired in 2006, leaving a lasting impact on space exploration.

Michael J. Massimino, a mechanical engineering professor at Columbia University, is a former NASA astronaut with a distinguished career in space exploration. Currently serving as the senior advisor of space programs at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, he is known for his expertise in space engineering. Massimino has flown two Space Shuttle missions to repair the Hubble Space Telescope, making significant contributions to the field of aerospace technology through his work both in academia and at NASA.

James Alton McDivitt Jr. was a distinguished American test pilot, USAF pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut. He flew combat missions in the Korean War and later became a test pilot, joining the Manned Spacecraft Operations Branch. Selected as part of Astronaut Group 2, he commanded the Gemini 4 and Apollo 9 missions, making significant contributions to the Gemini and Apollo programs. McDivitt later oversaw lunar landing operations and the Apollo spacecraft program before retiring as a brigadier general from the USAF in 1972.

Anna Lee Fisher is a renowned American chemist and emergency physician who also had a successful career as a NASA astronaut. She was among the first women astronauts selected in NASA's Astronaut Group 8. Fisher made significant contributions to various NASA programs, such as the Space Shuttle, International Space Station, and Orion spacecraft. She participated in space missions aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, where she operated the Canadarm to retrieve satellites. Fisher took a break from her career to focus on raising her family before returning to NASA to assist with ISS training and the development of the Orion spacecraft display. She retired from NASA in 2017.

Kathryn Dwyer Sullivan is an accomplished American geologist, oceanographer, and former NASA astronaut and US Navy officer. She is recognized for her significant contributions to space exploration, including being the first American woman to conduct an extra-vehicular activity during her initial Space Shuttle mission. Sullivan's expertise in environmental science is further demonstrated by her roles as Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and Administrator of NOAA. Her diverse career in aerospace, oceanography, and policy highlights her as a pioneer in scientific research and exploration.

Walter Cunningham had a varied career that included astronautics, military service, academia, and entrepreneurship. He was a talented fighter pilot, physicist, and venture capitalist, making valuable contributions to NASA's space exploration programs. Serving as a lunar module pilot on the Apollo 7 mission, he demonstrated his expertise and commitment to advancing space technology. Cunningham also shared his passion for science and innovation through his work as an author, inspiring others with his knowledge and insights.

Ronald Evans, an accomplished American electrical and aeronautical engineer, naval officer, and NASA astronaut, flew to the Moon as Command Module Pilot on Apollo 17. He orbited the Moon without landing, a feat achieved by only a select few. Prior to his spaceflight, Evans served as a fighter pilot in the U.S. Navy during the Vietnam War, eventually reaching the rank of captain. Following his time at NASA, he played a role in the Space Shuttle program and later pursued a career in the coal industry.

Donn F. Eisele was a Colonel in the USAF and a distinguished Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He played a crucial role as the command module pilot for the Apollo 7 mission in 1968. After retiring from NASA and the Air Force, Eisele became the Peace Corps country director for Thailand before transitioning to the private sector, where he explored business ventures. His career was marked by notable contributions to aerospace and international development.

Karen L. Nyberg is a distinguished American mechanical engineer and former NASA astronaut who achieved the milestone of being the 50th woman to travel to space during her inaugural mission in 2008. Nyberg, who holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering, commenced her space exploration journey in 1991. Over the course of her career, she spent a cumulative 180 days in space, fulfilling roles as a mission specialist on STS-124 and a flight engineer on Soyuz TMA-09M in 2008 and 2013, respectively. Nyberg's substantial contributions to space exploration have left a lasting impact and serve as a source of inspiration.

Richard F. Gordon, Jr. was an accomplished American naval officer, aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He made significant contributions to space exploration as the command module pilot of the Apollo 12 mission, where he orbited the Moon 45 times. Prior to this, he had also served as the pilot for the Gemini 11 mission in 1966. Gordon's career showcased his expertise in aviation and space travel, cementing his legacy as one of the few individuals to have journeyed to the Moon.

Svetlana Savitskaya is a pioneering Russian aviator and Soviet cosmonaut known for her significant contributions to space exploration. She made history as the second woman in space aboard Soyuz T-7 in 1982 and later became the first woman to fly to space twice during her 1984 Soyuz T-12 mission. Savitskaya also achieved remarkable feats as a pilot, setting multiple FAI world records. Her professional legacy is characterized by groundbreaking achievements in space travel and aviation.

Franklin Chang-Díaz is a distinguished American mechanical engineer, physicist, and former NASA astronaut. He is best known for founding and heading the Ad Astra Rocket Company and holding a position on the board of directors at Cummins. With a remarkable career that includes seven Space Shuttle missions, he has tied the record for the most spaceflights as of 2021. Chang-Díaz is celebrated as the first Latin American immigrant to become a NASA astronaut and is honored as a member of the prestigious NASA Astronaut Hall of Fame.

Joseph A. Walker was an innovative American pilot, physicist, and astronaut celebrated for his pioneering work in aerospace. He began as a skilled World War II pilot before transitioning to become a NASA test pilot, where he was chosen to pilot the X-15 spaceplane. Walker achieved a significant milestone by becoming the first person to fly into space and surpassed the Kármán line on multiple occasions, establishing himself as an astronaut. Unfortunately, his illustrious career was cut short in a tragic accident during a group formation flight.

Rusty Schweickart is a highly accomplished American aeronautical engineer, NASA astronaut, research scientist, and former U.S. Air Force fighter pilot. He played a key role in space exploration as the Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 9 mission, contributing significantly to the testing of life support systems. Schweickart's career included leadership positions in Skylab missions, user affairs at NASA, and government roles focused on science and technology. He furthered his dedication to space through co-founding the Association of Space Explorers and the B612 Foundation, with a focus on asteroid impact defense.

Stuart Allen Roosa was a highly accomplished American aeronautical engineer, smokejumper, United States Air Force pilot, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He played a crucial role as the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 14 mission, orbiting the Moon 34 times while his fellow astronauts conducted explorations on the lunar surface. Roosa's exceptional professionalism and expertise made significant contributions to the fields of aeronautics and space exploration, leaving a lasting legacy in aerospace engineering.

Gennady Ivanovich Padalka, a Russian Air Force officer and Roscosmos cosmonaut, held the world record for the most time spent in space at 878 days before it was surpassed. He has worked on both the Mir space station and the International Space Station, making significant contributions to space exploration and research. Padalka's exceptional skill and dedication as a cosmonaut have been evident throughout his career, solidifying his reputation as a highly accomplished and experienced astronaut.

Douglas G. Hurley is an American engineer and former Marine Corps pilot who served as a NASA astronaut. He piloted Space Shuttle missions STS-127 and STS-135, which included the final flight of the program. Hurley went on to command the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission, the first crewed spaceflight from American soil since STS-135, alongside Bob Behnken. They were the first astronauts to launch aboard a commercial orbital spacecraft. Hurley also holds the distinction of being the first Marine to fly the F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet and is known by the call sign "Chunky."

Tracy Caldwell Dyson is a highly skilled American chemist and NASA astronaut who has a wealth of experience in space exploration. She has taken part in numerous missions, including serving as a mission specialist on Space Shuttle Endeavour flight STS-118 and being a member of the Expedition 23 and Expedition 24 crews aboard the International Space Station. Tracy has completed three spacewalks, accumulating more than 22 hours of extravehicular activity. Presently, she is embarking on her third space mission, a six-month stint aboard the ISS that commenced in March 2024.

Robert Laurel Crippen is a distinguished American retired naval officer, aviator, test pilot, aerospace engineer, and astronaut. He made four spaceflights, serving as pilot and commander on several missions. Crippen played key roles in various space programs, such as the Manned Orbiting Laboratory and the Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests. Following his astronaut career, he held management positions at NASA and other organizations. Crippen received prestigious awards, including the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, and is recognized as a fellow by esteemed aerospace organizations.

Robert Louis Behnken, an American engineer and former NASA astronaut, holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering. He was a colonel in the U.S. Air Force before joining NASA in 2000. Behnken participated in Space Shuttle missions STS-123 and STS-130, logging over 708 hours in space and 55 hours of spacewalk time. After the retirement of the Space Shuttle program, he assumed the role of Chief of the Astronaut Office. In 2018, Behnken was assigned to the SpaceX Dragon 2 and was part of its first crewed mission in 2020, marking him as one of the pioneers to launch aboard a commercial orbital spacecraft.

Robert Lee "Hoot" Gibson is a former American naval officer, aviator, test pilot, and aeronautical engineer. He served as Chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA from 1992 to 1994. Gibson is a retired astronaut who is actively involved as a professional pilot and participates in the annual Reno Air Races. He has been inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2003 and the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2013 in recognition of his contributions to aviation. Throughout his career, Gibson has received numerous military decorations for his achievements.

Piers John Sellers, a British-American meteorologist and former NASA astronaut, served as the Director of the Earth Science Division at NASA/GSFC. He studied at Cranbrook School in the UK and earned a bachelor's degree in ecological science from the University of Edinburgh, as well as a doctorate in biometeorology from the University of Leeds. During his time at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Sellers focused on research concerning the interaction between the Earth's biosphere and atmosphere. His work involved climate system computer modeling and field research using various technologies. Sellers retired from the NASA Astronaut Corps in 2011.

Georgy Timofeyevich Dobrovolsky, a Soviet cosmonaut, served as the commander of the three-man crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft. Tragically, Dobrovolsky and his crewmates became the first humans to die in space due to asphyxiation caused by an accidentally opened valve. Despite this, Dobrovolsky was posthumously honored with prestigious awards like the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin for his significant contributions to space exploration.

Yang Liwei, a Chinese major general and former military pilot, made history in October 2003 as the first person sent into space by the Chinese space program. As a former taikonaut of the People's Liberation Army, he piloted the Shenzhou 5 mission, leading China to become the third country to independently send humans into space. Yang Liwei currently serves as a vice chief designer of China Manned Space Engineering, playing a crucial role in advancing China's space exploration endeavors.

Colin Michael Foale CBE is a renowned British-American astrophysicist and former NASA astronaut recognized for his significant contributions to space exploration. He has taken part in six space missions, with notable extended missions on the Mir space station and the International Space Station. Foale achieved the distinction of being the second Briton in space and the pioneer in conducting a spacewalk. His impressive record for the longest time spent in space by a US citizen stood until 2008, and he still maintains the cumulative-time-in-space record for a British citizen.

Joe Henry Engle was a distinguished American pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut. He commanded two Space Shuttle missions, including STS-2 in 1981, and participated in the Approach and Landing Tests of the Shuttle program. Engle was part of the select group of pilots who flew the North American X-15, completing three flights above 50 miles and earning astronaut wings. He was chosen for NASA's 5th Astronaut Group, contributing to the Apollo program and serving as a backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 14.