Rosa Parks Biography

(American Activist in the Civil Rights Movement Best Known for Her Pivotal Role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott)

Birthday: February 4, 1913 (Aquarius)

Born In: Tuskegee, Alabama, United States

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an American civil rights activist, often referred to as the ‘mother of the freedom movement’ and ‘the first lady of civil rights.’ She was an African-American civil rights activist who ignited the ‘Civil Rights Movement’ by taking a brave step that no other African-American dared to take until then. She lived and worked in Montgomery where racial segregation laws had the black people disadvantaged. Apparently, black people were not allowed to sit alongside white people in public buses. There were special reserved seats for them in the rear end of the bus and their seating was based completely on the discretion of the driver. One day, when Parks was coming back from work, she was asked to give up her seat to a white passenger, to which she said no. She was arrested in 1955 for this act, and the incident caused the ‘Civil Rights Movement’ to flare up. Parks grew up, worked, and lived most of her life in Montgomery where she was part of a social activist group along with her husband. The magnanimity of her actions made her famous. Throughout her life, she devoted her time and energy for social causes and emancipation of African-Americans.

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Quick Facts

Also Known As: Rosa Louise McCauley Parks

Died At Age: 92

Family:

Spouse/Ex-: Raymond Parks (m. 1932–1977)

father: James McCauley

mother: Leona McCauley

siblings: Sylvester

Born Country: United States

African American Women Civil Rights Activists

Died on: October 24, 2005

place of death: Detroit, Michigan, United States

Grouping of People: Black Activist

Cause of Death: Natural Causes

Notable Alumni: Alabama State University

U.S. State: Alabama

epitaphs: Mother of the Civil Rights Movement

More Facts

education: Alabama State University

awards: 1979 - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
1980 - Martin Luther King Jr. Award
1995 - Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award

1998 - International Freedom Conductor Award from National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
1999 - Congressional Gold Medal
1999 - Detroit-Windsor International Freedom Festival Freedom Award
2000 - Governor's Medal of Honor for Extraordinary Courage


  • 1

    Where did Rosa Parks refuse to give up her seat on the bus?

    Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

  • 2

    What was the significance of Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat?

    Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a key moment in the civil rights movement.

  • 3

    What role did Rosa Parks play in the civil rights movement?

    Rosa Parks played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement by challenging segregation laws and becoming a symbol of resistance.

  • 4

    How did Rosa Parks' actions contribute to the desegregation of buses?

    Rosa Parks' actions and the subsequent Montgomery Bus Boycott led to a Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation on buses unconstitutional.

  • 5

    What impact did Rosa Parks have on the fight for civil rights in the United States?

    Rosa Parks' courage and activism inspired countless individuals to stand up against racial injustice and fight for civil rights.

Childhood & Early Life
Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama, USA, to Leona and James McCauley. She belonged to a middle class family. Her father was a carpenter, while her mother was a teacher. Her parents separated and she moved to Pine Level with her mother.
She attended the ‘Industrial School for Girls’ in Montgomery. She then went to a school set up by the ‘Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes’ for her secondary education. However, she dropped out of it to take care of her family.
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Career
After getting married in 1932, Parks took up menial jobs and worked as domestic worker, hospital aide, etc., as she did not have formal education to land a decent job. On her husband’s insistence, she finished high school studies.
In 1943, Parks became increasingly involved in the ‘Civil Rights Movement’ and joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. Since Parks was the only female there, she was elected as the secretary of the organization.
While she was the secretary, she was given the task of investigating the gang-rape of a black woman named Recy Taylor in 1944. Along with other activists, she started the ‘Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor’ campaign.
In the following years, Parks landed a job at ‘Maxwell Air Force Base,’ as federal property did not practice racism. She also took up a job as a housekeeper for Clifford and Virginia Durr, a liberal white couple.
In 1955, Parks attended a mass meeting in Montgomery to discuss the case of a black teenager named Emmett Till who was killed at the age of 14 for offending a white woman. The meeting addressed the issues of racial segregation in the society.
While riding a bus, she was asked to give up her seat for a white passenger. She refused to do so and was arrested in 1955. She was charged with violation of Chapter 6, Section 11 segregation law.
She was bailed out the next evening by Edgar Nixon, the president of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, and a friend named Clifford Durr. Alongside Jo Ann Robinson, Nixon announced a bus boycott in retaliation.
Within the next morning, the ‘Montgomery Bus Boycott’ was announced at black churches, and ‘The Montgomery Advertiser’ publicized the news. It aimed at demanding equal treatment of blacks, hiring of black bus drivers, etc.
It seemed that Parks’ case would take years to resolve, but the state pushed things forward with regards to her case as the ‘Montgomery Bus Boycott,’ which continued for 381 days, affected the public bus business.
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Since Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote about Parks’ arrest in his 1958 book ‘Stride Toward Freedom,’ it is considered that Parks played a pioneering role in raising international awareness of the predicament of African-Americans and the civil rights struggle.
Although she became famous, Parks had to leave for Virginia in 1957 as she could not keep her job due to sanctions used against activists. She worked as a hostess in an inn, located in a historical black college.
In 1965, she was hired as a secretary and receptionist for John Conyers’ congressional office in Detroit. John Conyers was an African-American U.S. Representative. She worked at the position for almost 23 years.
During the 1980s, she re-associated herself with the civil rights and educational endeavors. With the little money that she had, she co-founded the ‘Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation’ for college-bound high school seniors.
She also co-founded the ‘Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development’ with Elaine Eason Steele in 1987. It was an institute built with an aim to introduce young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites.
In 1992, Parks wrote her autobiography ‘Rosa Parks: My Story’ which narrates the incidents leading up to her decision not to give up her seat in the bus. A few years later, she published her memoir ‘Quiet Strength.’
Major Works
The highlight of Parks’ life was her decision not to give up her seat in the bus in 1955. Had she failed to fight against disparities in the society that day, the ‘Civil Rights Movement’ might have got delayed.
Awards & Achievements
For her participation in the ‘Civil Rights Movement,’ Parks was honored with many awards, including ‘Spingarn Medal,’ ‘Martin Luther King Jr. Award,’ ‘Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award,’ ‘Presidential Medal of Freedom,’ ‘Congressional Gold Medal,’ and the ‘Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival Freedom Award.’
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Personal Life & Legacy
Parks married Raymond, a barber from Montgomery, in 1932. He was a member of the NAACP. She remained married to him until his death from throat cancer in 1977. They did not have children.
Parks and her husband suffered from stomach ulcers for years. Her husband, brother, and mother were diagnosed with cancer. She had to take care of them and eventually, all of them died by the end of ‘70s.
Parks died in Detroit in 2005. She became the first woman and the second black person whose casket was transported to Washington, D.C. to be placed at the U.S. Capitol rotunda.
Facts About Rosa Parks

Rosa Parks was a skilled seamstress and often used her talent to create custom garments for herself and her family.

Despite her quiet demeanor, Rosa Parks was a strong-willed individual who stood up for her beliefs and inspired others to do the same.

In addition to her activism, Rosa Parks was also a dedicated youth mentor and worked to empower the next generation to create positive change in their communities.

Rosa Parks had a love for music and was known to enjoy singing hymns and spirituals, finding solace and strength in the power of music.

Rosa Parks' legacy extends beyond her role in the civil rights movement, as she also worked tirelessly to address issues of poverty and inequality in her community.

See the events in life of Rosa Parks in Chronological Order

How To Cite

Article Title
- Rosa Parks Biography
Author
- Editors, TheFamousPeople.com
Website
- TheFamousPeople.com
URL
https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/rosa-louise-mccauley-parks-2755.php

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