Famous Indian Activists

Kailash Satyarthi is a prominent Indian social reformer renowned for his tireless efforts in combating child labor and advocating for universal education rights. He co-received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 for his work alongside Malala Yousafzai. Founder of numerous social activist organizations, he has liberated over 86,000 children from labor, slavery, and trafficking. Leading global movements and marches, he played a pivotal role in the creation of the ILO Convention 182. Satyarthi's impactful leadership has earned him recognition as one of the world's greatest leaders.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an influential Indian reformer known for founding the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which later evolved into the Brahmo Samaj movement. He played a key role in advocating for social and religious reforms in the Indian subcontinent. Roy's work spanned various fields including politics, public administration, education, and religion. Notably, he campaigned against the practices of sati and child marriage. His contributions also extended to literature, as he authored the first complete Bangla grammar book. Roy is widely recognized as the "Father of Indian Renaissance" and remains a revered figure in Indian history.

Kisan Baburao "Anna" Hazare is an Indian social activist known for leading movements advocating rural development, government transparency, and anti-corruption measures. He gained recognition for conducting hunger strikes reminiscent of Mahatma Gandhi's tactics. Hazare played a significant role in developing Ralegan Siddhi village in Maharashtra, India, and was honored with the Padma Bhushan award for his efforts. In 2011, he initiated a hunger strike that prompted nationwide protests and led the Indian government to establish a joint committee to draft anti-corruption legislation. Hazare's influence was acknowledged globally, and he has been a prominent figure in Mumbai, although facing criticism for his views on justice and family planning methods.

Kasturba Gandhi was an Indian political activist deeply involved in the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. She actively participated in various civil disobedience campaigns and protests alongside her husband, Mahatma Gandhi. Kasturba played a crucial role in organizing women and mobilizing support for the freedom struggle. She was known for her dedication to social causes, advocating for women's rights and promoting education among marginalized communities. Kasturba's contributions to the fight for India's independence earned her a place in history as a significant figure in the country's quest for freedom.

Gauri Lankesh was an Indian activist and journalist based in Bangalore, Karnataka. She worked as an editor for Lankesh Patrike, a Kannada weekly founded by her father, and also established her own publication, Gauri Lankesh Patrike. Known for her outspoken criticism of right-wing Hindu extremism, Gauri was a passionate advocate for women's rights and staunchly opposed caste-based discrimination. Her fearless journalism and dedication to social justice led to her being honored with the prestigious Anna Politkovskaya Award.

Baba Amte was an Indian social worker and activist renowned for his efforts in rehabilitating and empowering individuals afflicted by leprosy. His professional life was marked by numerous accolades, including the Padma Vibhushan, Dr. Ambedkar International Award, Gandhi Peace Prize, Ramon Magsaysay Award, Templeton Prize, and Jamnalal Bajaj Award. Often referred to as the modern Gandhi of India, Baba Amte's legacy is characterized by his unwavering dedication to uplifting marginalized communities and advocating for social justice.

Teji Bachchan was a social activist and educator who taught psychology at Khoob Chand Degree College, Lahore. She also served as a Director of the Film Finance Corporation of India, where she played a key role in financing purposeful films of good quality. Additionally, she was involved in the literary and high society circles of India, and even had a brief stint in acting, playing Lady Macbeth in her husband's Hindi adaptation of Macbeth and making a cameo appearance in a popular film.

Medha Patkar is an Indian social activist known for her advocacy on behalf of tribals, dalits, farmers, laborers, and women facing injustice in India. She is a founding member of Narmada Bachao Andolan and the National Alliance of People's Movements. Patkar has been involved in various mass struggles across India, challenging casteism, communalism, and discrimination. She has contributed to research on the impacts of large dams globally and has been active in formulating national policies related to land acquisition and the rights of marginalized communities.

Aruna Asaf Ali was an Indian educator, political activist, and publisher known for her significant contributions to the Indian independence movement. She gained prominence for hoisting the Indian National flag during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post-independence, she continued her political involvement and became Delhi's first Mayor. Throughout her career, she remained dedicated to social and political causes, advocating for the rights of the marginalized and underserved. As a prominent figure in Indian history, her legacy continues to inspire future generations.

Vinoba Bhave, also known as Vinayak Narahari Bhave, was an Indian advocate of nonviolence and human rights, recognized as a National Teacher of India. He is renowned for leading the Bhoodan Movement and is considered the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi. Bhave was an eminent philosopher and translated the Gita into Marathi as Geetai. His professional life was dedicated to promoting nonviolence, human rights, and social reform, leaving a lasting impact on Indian society through his teachings and actions.

Balaji Baji Rao, also known as Nana Saheb I, served as the 8th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. During his tenure, he oversaw the transformation of the Maratha empire into a confederacy, with individual chiefs gaining more power. Under his leadership, the Maratha territory expanded significantly, reaching regions such as Peshawar, Srirangapatna, and Medinipur. Nana Saheb implemented new legislative and financial systems, worked closely with Sadashivrao Bhau, and undertook various infrastructure projects to enhance the empire's prosperity. He successfully subdued major powers like the Mughals, the Nizam, and the Bengal Sultanate, while also dealing with other regional threats effectively.

Aruna Roy is an esteemed Indian social activist, professor, union organizer, and former civil servant. She holds the prestigious position of president at the National Federation of Indian Women and is the visionary founder of the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan. Roy has dedicated her career to advocating for social causes, fighting for the rights of marginalized communities, and empowering women across India. Through her leadership and relentless activism, she has made significant contributions to the advancement of social justice and grassroots democracy in the country.

Naresh Kanodia was a prominent figure in the Indian Gujarati film industry, known for his legendary status as an actor, singer, musician, and politician from Gujarat. His career spanned several decades, during which he showcased his versatile talents and garnered a strong fan base. Kanodia's contributions to the entertainment world were widely recognized, and he played a significant role in shaping the cultural landscape of Gujarati cinema. His legacy as an iconic figure in the industry continues to inspire generations of aspiring artists.

Teesta Setalvad is an Indian civil rights activist and journalist known for her dedication to advocating for the victims of the 2002 Gujarat riots. As the secretary of Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP), she plays a crucial role in promoting social justice and fighting for the rights of marginalized communities. Setalvad's professional life is marked by her relentless efforts to seek accountability and justice for those affected by communal violence, making her a prominent figure in the field of human rights activism in India.

Ela Ramesh Bhatt was an Indian cooperative organizer, activist, and Gandhian. She founded the Self-Employed Women's Association of India (SEWA) in 1972 and served as its general secretary until 1996. With a background in law, Bhatt was a prominent figure in international labor, cooperative, women's rights, and micro-finance movements. She received numerous awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1977, the Right Livelihood Award in 1984, and the Padma Bhushan in 1986 for her work in empowering home-based producers and advocating for their welfare and self-respect.

Sunderlal Bahuguna was an influential Indian environmentalist known for his leadership in the Chipko movement and anti-Tehri Dam movement. He dedicated his life to the preservation of forests in the Himalayas and was a prominent figure in the early environmentalist movement in India. Bahuguna, along with his wife, Vimla Bahuguna, played a crucial role in advocating for environmental conservation, particularly opposing large dams. His activism and advocacy efforts have left a lasting impact on environmental protection in India.

Chandi Prasad Bhatt is an Indian environmentalist and social activist known for founding Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh (DGSS) in 1964, which played a significant role in the Chipko Movement. He has been recognized for his contributions with awards such as the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1982 and the Padma Bhushan in 2005. Bhatt is considered one of India's first modern environmentalists and has focused on subaltern social ecology. His dedication to environmental and social causes was further acknowledged when he received the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2013.

Purushottam Das Tandon was a prominent freedom fighter from Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, known for his staunch opposition to the partition of India. He played a pivotal role in advocating for Hindi to be recognized as the Official Language of India. Tandon was honored with the title Rajarshi, signifying his status as a Royal Saint, and was affectionately referred to as UP Gandhi. In recognition of his significant contributions, he was bestowed with the prestigious Bharat Ratna award in 1961.

Irom Chanu Sharmila, also known as the "Iron Lady of Manipur," is an Indian civil rights activist, political activist, and poet. She gained international attention for her 16-year hunger strike to abolish the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. During her protest, she was nasally force-fed for over 500 weeks in custody. Sharmila's dedication to nonviolent resistance and human rights advocacy led to her recognition as the world's longest hunger striker. Amnesty International has declared her a prisoner of conscience.

Daya Bai is an Indian social activist known for her dedicated work among the tribals of central India, particularly in Chhindwara district, Madhya Pradesh. She has been residing in Barul village, where she actively engages in various initiatives aimed at improving the lives of the tribal communities. Daya Bai's professional life revolves around advocating for the rights and welfare of marginalized groups, empowering women, promoting education, and addressing social injustices to bring about positive change in the region.

Pradip Krishen is an Indian filmmaker, naturalist, and environmentalist known for directing three acclaimed films: Massey Sahib in 1985, In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones in 1989, and Electric Moon in 1991. His works have garnered significant recognition through various Indian and international awards, with In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones achieving cult status post-release. Transitioning from filmmaking in 1995, Krishen has since dedicated his career to naturalist and environmentalist pursuits, contributing significantly to conservation efforts and environmental awareness.

Muhammad Ali Jauhar Khan was an Indian Muslim freedom activist, journalist, poet, and a key figure in the Khilafat Movement. He was a prominent member of the Indian National Congress and a founder of Jamia Millia Islamia. Jauhar served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1923 but clashed with Gandhi over the Non-cooperation movement. He later became critical of Gandhi and Motilal Nehru for allegedly ignoring Muslim demands. Additionally, he played a significant role in the All-India Muslim League, representing the party at the first round-table conference in London.

Sanal Edamaruku is an Indian author and rationalist with a prolific career. He serves as the founder-president and editor of Rationalist International, as well as the president of the Indian Rationalist Association. With expertise in rational thinking, he has authored 25 books and numerous articles. In 2012, he faced legal ramifications under India's blasphemy law after investigating a supposed miracle at a Mumbai church. This incident led him to choose voluntary exile in Finland, further highlighting his commitment to free inquiry and critical thinking.

Anil Kumar Agarwal was an Indian environmentalist and mechanical engineer, known for his work in environmental advocacy and research. He founded the Centre for Science and Environment, a prominent research institute in Delhi. Agarwal also worked as a science correspondent for the Hindustan Times. His contributions to the field were recognized both nationally and internationally, with accolades such as being elected to the Global 500 Roll of Honour by the United Nations Environment Programme and receiving prestigious awards like the Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan from the Indian Government.

Mirabehn, also known as Madeleine Slade, was a British supporter of the Indian Independence Movement who left England in the 1920s to work closely with Mahatma Gandhi. She dedicated her life to promoting human development and advancing Gandhi's principles. Mirabehn played a significant role in various social and political initiatives, advocating for nonviolent resistance and actively participating in the struggle for India's independence. Her professional life was characterized by unwavering commitment to Gandhi's philosophy and tireless efforts towards social change.

Guru das Agrawal, also known as Sant Swami Sanand and Sant Swami Gyan Swaroop Sanand, was an Indian environmentalist, engineer, religious leader, monk, and professor. He served as the Patron of Ganga Mahasabha, an organization founded by Madan Mohan Malviya in 1905. Agrawal gained recognition for his numerous fasts aimed at halting various projects on the River Ganga. Notably, his fast in 2009 successfully prevented the damming of the Bhagirathi River. Agrawal dedicated his life to advocating for the cleanliness and preservation of the Ganga, ultimately sacrificing his life in pursuit of this cause.

Jamnalal Bajaj was an Indian industrialist who founded the Bajaj Group of companies in the 1920s. Under his leadership, the group expanded to include 24 companies, with six of them being listed on the stock exchanges. He was a significant figure in the Indian business world and enjoyed a close relationship with Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi considered Bajaj to be like a son to him, highlighting the deep bond they shared. Bajaj's professional legacy is marked by his entrepreneurial success and his association with Gandhi.

Tara Singh was a prominent Sikh political and religious figure in India during the first half of the 20th century. He played a key role in organizing the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee and providing leadership to the Sikh community during the partition of India, advocating against it. He later spearheaded the Sikh demand for a separate state in East Punjab. His significant contributions and active involvement in Sikh political movements left a lasting impact on the community and its aspirations.

Jayi Rajaguru was a prominent princely-priest at the court of the Khurda kingdom in Odisha. He played a key role in the Indian independence movement by leading a revolt against the British East India Company. Rajaguru collaborated with the Marathas in an attempt to recapture the British-controlled province. However, his secret strategies were exposed when a Maratha messenger was captured by the British. Despite facing challenges and being captured by the British forces, Rajaguru remained dedicated to the cause of independence until his eventual execution.

Neela Satyanarayanan was a prominent figure in Indian civil service and literature. She made history by becoming the first female State Election Commissioner in Maharashtra, breaking barriers and paving the way for other women in the field. Throughout her career, she demonstrated a strong commitment to public service and governance, leaving a lasting impact on the electoral process in the state. In addition to her contributions in the civil service sector, Neela Satyanarayanan was also known for her literary works, showcasing her diverse talents and interests.

Chandrawati Sheoran had a distinguished professional career as an Advocate, Indian politician, and activist. She served as a Member of Parliament (M.P.) and was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (M.L.A.) six times. Additionally, she held the esteemed position of Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry. Chandrawati's contributions to the legal and political spheres were significant, and her leadership roles reflect her commitment to public service and advocacy for her constituents.

Hakim Ajmal Khan was a prominent physician in Delhi, India, known for his contributions to traditional medicine. He played a key role in establishing institutions like Jamia Millia Islamia university and Tibbia College. His involvement in the Hindu Mahasabha showcased his commitment to interfaith dialogue. Serving as the first chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia, Khan left a lasting impact on education and healthcare in India until his passing in 1927.

M. J. Appaji Gowda was a dedicated Janata Dal (Secular) political activist and esteemed member of the Karnataka Legislative Council. He actively engaged in political affairs, striving to make a positive impact on society. Throughout his career, he worked diligently to address various issues affecting the community and advocate for their well-being. His commitment to public service and his unwavering dedication to his constituents earned him respect and admiration. Tragically, his life was cut short due to complications arising from COVID-19 during the pandemic in India.

Shaukat Ali Khan was an Indian Muslim member of the Khilafat Movement. He was actively involved in advocating for the rights and interests of the Muslim community in India during the early 20th century. Shaukat Ali worked closely with his brother, Mohammad Ali Jouhar, a prominent political leader, to address issues related to the Khilafat Movement and the broader struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Through his activism and leadership, Shaukat Ali played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of the time.

Mahendra Yadav is a prominent Nepali politician affiliated with the Nepali Congress party. He has served as the Minister of Water Supply and Sanitation in the Deuba cabinet, demonstrating his commitment to addressing crucial issues in Nepal. Additionally, Yadav holds the position of Deputy General Secretary within the Nepali Congress party, showcasing his leadership abilities and dedication to serving his constituents. With a focus on public service and political engagement, Mahendra Yadav plays a significant role in shaping the political landscape of Nepal.

Jatindra Nath Das, also known as Jatin Das, was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary who dedicated his life to the fight for India's independence from British rule. He was a prominent member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. Das's commitment to the cause was unwavering, as evidenced by his sacrifice of his life during a 63-day hunger strike in Lahore Central Jail. His legacy continues to inspire generations of freedom fighters in India.

Vasudev Balwant Phadke was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary known for his dedication to freeing India from colonial rule. He focused on the struggles of the farming community and believed that self-governance (Swaraj) was the solution. Phadke mobilized various sub-communities within Hindu society to unite against British oppression. He led an armed movement targeting wealthy European businessmen to fund their cause. Phadke gained prominence by briefly capturing Pune after a successful surprise attack on colonial soldiers.

Chettur Sankaran Nair was a prominent Indian lawyer and statesman known for his significant contributions in the legal and political arenas. He served as the Advocate-General of Madras, puisne justice on the High Court of Madras, and as an Education minister on the Viceroy's Executive Council. Nair also played a key role in the Indian National Congress, being elected as its president in 1897. A respected leader of the Madras bar, his influence extended through his writings and advocacy for various causes, as showcased in his work "Gandhi and Anarchy."

Maniram Dewan, an Assamese nobleman, was a pioneer in establishing tea gardens in Assam during British rule. Initially a loyal ally of the British East India Company, he later conspired against them during the 1857 uprising and was subsequently executed. Known as "Kalita Raja" among the people of Upper Assam, he played a significant role in the early development of the tea industry in the region. His professional life was marked by entrepreneurship, political intrigue, and ultimately, tragic consequences due to his involvement in anti-British activities.

Sankaralinganar was an Indian Tamil independence activist and Gandhian known for his dedication to the cause of Tamil Nadu statehood. He gained recognition for his unwavering commitment to changing the name of Madras State to Tamil Nadu, ultimately sacrificing his life through a fast unto death. His professional life was marked by his fervent advocacy for Tamil Nadu's identity and autonomy within the Indian union, making him a prominent figure in the statehood movement and a symbol of Tamil pride and resilience.

Gail Omvedt was an American-born Indian sociologist and human rights activist known for her prolific writing on the anti-caste movement, Dalit politics, and women's struggles in India. She conducted research and published extensively on class, caste, and gender issues. Omvedt also worked as a consultant for international organizations such as FAO, UNDP, and NOVIB. She held academic positions at various institutions, including the University of Pune and the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, and was involved in movements advocating for Dalits, environmental causes, farmers, and rural women.

Valangaiman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri was a prominent Indian politician, administrator, educator, orator, and independence activist. He was known for his exceptional oratory skills and command of the English language. Sastri started his career as a school teacher and later became the headmaster in Triplicane, Madras. He entered politics by joining the Servants of India Society in 1905 and later became a key member of the Indian National Congress. Sastri served in various legislative councils and international organizations, gaining recognition for his linguistic abilities and advocacy for Indian independence.

Raman Sukumar is a distinguished ecologist known for his expertise in the ecology of wildlife-human conflict and the Asian elephant. He played a pivotal role in the creation of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986 and went on to establish the Asian Nature Conservation Foundation in 1997. Throughout his career, Sukumar has led numerous field projects across various Asian countries, contributing significantly to conservation efforts and wildlife research. His work has made a lasting impact on the field of ecology and biodiversity preservation.

Raja Nahar Singh was the ruler of the princely state of Ballabhgarh in Haryana, India. He played a significant role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by leading the resistance against The East India Company. Known for his bravery and leadership, Raja Nahar Singh fought valiantly in defense of his kingdom, located just 20 miles from Delhi. His legacy is honored through landmarks like Nahar Singh Stadium in Faridabad and the Raja Nahar Singh metro station on the Violet line, commemorating his contributions to Indian history.

Hemdas Kalani was a revolutionary leader and member of Swaraj Sena, a student organization affiliated with All India Students Federation (AISF). He played a significant role in the Indian Independence Movement, demonstrating remarkable courage and dedication to the cause of freedom. Despite his young age, he fearlessly opposed British colonial authorities and ultimately sacrificed his life for the nation's freedom struggle. His commitment to the fight for independence inspired many and solidified his legacy as one of the bravest and most determined revolutionaries of his time.

Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari was an Indian nationalist and political leader who played a prominent role in the Indian Independence Movement. He served as the president of both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Additionally, he was a key figure in the establishment of Jamia Millia Islamia University, where he also served as chancellor. Ansari's contributions to the field of education and his leadership in various political organizations cemented his legacy as a significant figure in India's fight for independence.

Dattatraya Ekbote, also known as Datta Ekbote, was an Indian workers' rights activist and politician who served as the former Mayor of Pune, Maharashtra. He was a vocal advocate for labor rights, particularly in the beedi industry. Ekbote held leadership positions in political parties such as the Samajwadi Party, Janata Party, and Nationalist Congress Party. His professional life was dedicated to fighting for the rights of workers and improving their conditions in India.

Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was a notable political activist from Bihar who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. He dedicated his professional life to advocating for freedom and equality, actively participating in various protests and campaigns against British colonial rule. Ajazi's commitment to the cause of independence led him to work closely with other prominent leaders, contributing to the overall success of the movement. His efforts and passion for social and political change left a lasting impact on the history of India's struggle for freedom.

Anant Laxman Kanhere was an Indian independence fighter known for his role in the assassination of Arthur Mason Tippetts Jackson, the district collector of Nashik in British India. Kanhere's act of resistance against British colonial rule marked a significant event in the history of Nashik and the Indian revolutionary movement in Maharashtra. He became a symbol of anti-colonial sentiment and a martyr for the cause of Indian independence, inspiring others to join the struggle against British oppression.

Tiruppur Kumaran, also known as Kodi Kaatha Kumaran, was an Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. He founded the Desa Bandhu Youth Association and led protests against British rule. Kumaran tragically lost his life during a protest march against the British government when he was fatally injured in a police assault on the banks of Noyyal River in Tiruppur. He bravely held the Indian nationalist flag, which was banned by the British, earning him the title "Kodi Kaatha Kumaran" in Tamil.

Hasrat Mohani was a prominent Indian activist, freedom fighter, and poet of the Urdu language. He is known for coining the slogan "Inquilab Zindabad" in 1921, a phrase that became synonymous with the Indian independence movement. Mohani, along with Swami Kumaranand, was among the first to demand complete independence for India in 1921. He was supported by Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi in this motion. Mohani's professional legacy includes writing the famous ghazal 'Chupke chupke raat din', which was featured in the Bollywood movie 'Nikaah' (1982) and sung by renowned singer Ghulam Ali.

Manasi Pradhan is an Indian women's rights activist and author known for founding the Honour for Women National Campaign to end violence against women in India. She has received prestigious awards and recognition for her work, including the Rani Laskhmibai Stree Shakti Puraskar. Pradhan has been featured in international publications and organizations for her advocacy and was named among the most inspiring Feminists Authors and Activists by Bustle. She has also founded organizations like Nirbhaya Vahini and served on important panels like the Central Board of Film Certification and the National Commission for Women.

Abdul Bari, a descendant of Syed Ibrahim Malik Baya, was an Indian academic and social reformer dedicated to bringing about social change through education. He aspired to create a society free from slavery, social inequality, and communal disharmony in India. Active in the freedom movement, Abdul Bari sought to awaken the masses and promote social reform. Tragically, he was martyred for his involvement in the fight for independence. His professional life was marked by a commitment to education, social justice, and the pursuit of a better future for India.

Luís de Menezes Bragança was a prominent Goan journalist, writer, politician, and anti-colonial activist. He actively opposed Portuguese colonization in Goa, earning him the titles "O Maior de todos" ("The Greatest of all Goans") in the Lusosphere and "The Tilak of Goa" in India. His professional life was dedicated to advocating for Goan independence, challenging colonial rule through his writings and political activities. Menezes Bragança's contributions as a journalist and politician made him a respected figure both in Goa and the wider Portuguese-speaking world.

Kushal Konwar was a dedicated Indian freedom fighter known for his active involvement in the Quit India Movement. Hailing from Assam, he bravely fought against British colonial rule, advocating for the nation's independence. Konwar's unwavering commitment to the cause of freedom led to his ultimate sacrifice when he was hanged in 1942. His professional life was characterized by a fervent dedication to the struggle for independence, inspiring many others to join the fight against British oppression in India.

Tantia Bhil was a prominent figure in the Indian freedom movement from 1878 to 1889. Despite being depicted as a criminal in British-era records, he is revered by Indians as a courageous hero. Known as the "Indian Robin Hood," Tantia Bhil was actively involved in fighting against British colonial rule in India. His professional life was marked by a strong commitment to the cause of freedom and justice, making him a symbol of resistance and inspiration for many.