Guy Fawkes was a member of an infamous group which unsuccessfully plotted the murder of King James I. The plot, which came to be known as the Gunpowder Plot, became popular and Guy Fawkes became synonymous with the plot. The failure of the plot has been commemorated as Guy Fawkes Night, during which Fawkes' effigy is burned on a bonfire.
Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia was the heir apparent to the Russian Empire's throne. The only son of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and Emperor Nicholas II, Alexei was born with haemophilia, which was treated by the popular faith healer Grigori Rasputin. In 1918, Alexei and his family members were executed brutally by Communist revolutionaries.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans received the dukedoms of Chartres and Valois in 1661 as the younger son of Louis XIII of France. Unlike most royal persons of his generation, Philippe was open about his homosexuality and did not think twice before acting effeminately in public. However, he fathered several children and earned the nickname the grandfather of Europe.
![Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/haakon-crown-prince-of-norway-1.jpg)
![John of Gaunt John of Gaunt](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/john-of-gaunt-1.jpg)
John of Gaunt was an English prince, statesman, and military leader. An influential figure, John of Gaunt is credited with founding the royal House of Lancaster, which would later produce men to ascend the royal throne. Early in his career, John spent considerable time in Spain participating in the Hundred Years' War.
![Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/crown-prince-rudolf-of-austria-1.jpg)
Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria was heir apparent to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The only son of Elisabeth in Bavaria and Emperor Franz Joseph I, Rudolf died at the age of 30 at the Mayerling hunting lodge in an assumed suicide pact with his lover Mary Vetsera. The incident has inspired several works of art, such as cinema.
![Vladimir the Great Vladimir the Great](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/vladimir-i-of-kiev-1.jpg)
![Prince Christian of Denmark Prince Christian of Denmark](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/prince-christian-of-denmark-13244-1.jpg)
Legendary Welsh hero Owain Glyndŵr was part of the last major Welsh attempt at overthrowing the English reign. With the help of local rebels, he declared himself the prince of Wales and even set up a parliament, ignoring Henry IV’s rule. He eventually disappeared and was presumed dead.
![Baron Münchhausen Baron Münchhausen](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/baron-mnchhausen-1.jpg)
![Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/thomas-howard-3rd-duke-of-norfolk-1.jpg)
![William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/william-cavendish-5th-duke-of-devonshire-1.jpg)
![Sam Childers Sam Childers](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/sam-childers-1.jpg)
![George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/george-plantagenet-1st-duke-of-clarence-1.jpg)
Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg was exiled with his family following the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II. A Royal Military Academy Sandhurst alumnus, he was part of the D-Day landings and the liberation of Luxembourg from the Nazis, and later turned Luxembourg into a financial hub.
![Raynald of Châtillon Raynald of Châtillon](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/raynald-of-chtillon-1.jpg)
![Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/richard-of-shrewsbury-duke-of-york-1.jpg)
![Reginald of Châtillon Reginald of Châtillon](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/reginald-of-chtillon-1.jpg)
![James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/james-scott-1st-duke-of-monmouth-1.jpg)
![Afonso de Albuquerque Afonso de Albuquerque](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/afonso-de-albuquerque-1.jpg)
Afonso de Albuquerque was a Portuguese statesman, admiral, and general. A fierce military commander, Albuquerque expanded the influence of the Portuguese across the Indian Ocean while serving as the viceroy of the Portuguese State of India from 1509 to 1515. Afonso de Albuquerque's military brilliance in the initial Portuguese campaigns helped Portugal to become the first intercontinental empire in history.
![Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/louis-philippe-ii-duke-of-orlans-70445-1.jpg)
![Pedro Álvares Cabral Pedro Álvares Cabral](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/pedro-lvares-cabral-1.jpg)
Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese nobleman, navigator, explorer, and military commander. Regarded as a prominent figure of the Age of Discovery, Cabral is often remembered as one of the earliest Europeans to set his foot on Brazil. Pedro Álvares Cabral is also remembered for his voyage to India in a failed attempt to return to Europe with valuable spices.
![John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/john-spencer-churchill-11th-duke-of-1.jpg)
![Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/prince-arthur-duke-of-connaught-and-1.jpg)
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn was the third son of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria. He was the only British prince to serve as the Governor General of Canada. Prince Arthur is also remembered for performing various royal duties in the United Kingdom and India.
![Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/piers-gaveston-1st-earl-of-cornwall-1.jpg)
![Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/edward-de-vere-17th-earl-of-oxford-1.jpg)
![Folke Bernadotte Folke Bernadotte](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/folke-bernadotte-8678-1.jpg)
Folke Bernadotte was a Swedish diplomat and nobleman. He is best remembered for negotiating the release of over 30,000 prisoners from German concentration camps during World War II. Folke Bernadotte was assassinated at the age of 53 by a Zionist paramilitary organization called Lehi.
![Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/tsarevich-ivan-ivanovich-of-russia-22431-1.jpg)
![Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/wenceslaus-i-duke-of-bohemia-1.jpg)
![Prince William, Duke of Cumberland Prince William, Duke of Cumberland](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/prince-william-duke-of-cumberland-1.jpg)
![Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/henry-fitzroy-duke-of-richmond-and-1.jpg)
Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset, was the son of Henry VIII and his mistress Elizabeth Blount. Henry FitzRoy was the only illegitimate child acknowledged by King Henry VIII of England. In spite of being an illegitimate child, Henry FitzRoy was made Duke of Richmond and Somerset. He was later made Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
![Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin, Earl of Wessex](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/godwin-earl-of-wessex-1.jpg)
![Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/richard-neville-16th-earl-of-warwick-1.jpg)
Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick was an English administrator, nobleman, and military commander. Nicknamed Warwick the Kingmaker, Warwick played an important role in the Wars of the Roses; he originally supported the House of York only to switch his allegiance to the House of Lancaster. His actions resulted in the downfall of two kings which earned him his nickname.
![Hereward the Wake Hereward the Wake](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/hereward-the-wake-1.jpg)
![James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/james-hepburn-4th-earl-of-bothwell-1.jpg)
![Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/thomas-stanley-1st-earl-of-derby-1.jpg)
![Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/henry-stafford-2nd-duke-of-buckingham-1.jpg)
![Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/vittorio-emanuele-prince-of-naples-16513-1.jpg)
![Frederick Louis, prince of Wales Frederick Louis, prince of Wales](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/frederick-louis-prince-of-wales-1.jpg)
![Edmund of Langley, 1st duke of York Edmund of Langley, 1st duke of York](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/edmund-of-langley-1st-duke-of-york-1.jpg)
![Edward Seymour, 1st duke of Somerset Edward Seymour, 1st duke of Somerset](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/edward-seymour-1st-duke-of-somerset-1.jpg)
![Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/thomas-howard-2nd-duke-of-norfolk-1.jpg)
![Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/richard-of-york-3rd-duke-of-york-1.jpg)
![Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/pargal-ibrahim-pasha-1.jpg)
![Gaius Caesar Gaius Caesar](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/gaius-caesar-1.jpg)
![Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/ian-campbell-11th-duke-of-argyll-14357-1.jpg)
![Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen](http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thumbs/archduke-charles-duke-of-teschen-1.jpg)
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, son of Emperor Leopold II, was a major force behind strengthening the Austrian army in early 19th century. He is remembered for his exploits in the French Revolutionary Wars. Though initially successful in the Napoleonic Wars, he was defeated in the Battle of Wagram.