Famous Italian Leaders

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general, patriot, and revolutionary who played a key role in the unification of Italy. He supported Italian unification under a democratic republican government, aligning with monarchist forces led by Cavour. Garibaldi's military campaigns in Italy and South America, including the Expedition of the Thousand, were instrumental in the creation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. He became an international symbol of national independence and republican ideals, inspiring figures like Nehru and Guevara, and earning praise from contemporaries and historians alike.

Germanicus Julius Caesar was an ancient Roman general and politician known for his military campaigns in Germania. He held various political offices, including quaestor and consul, at an accelerated pace during the reign of Augustus. Germanicus commanded a significant portion of the Roman army, leading successful campaigns against Germanic tribes. He avenged the Roman Empire's defeat in the Teutoburg Forest and retrieved lost legionary eagles. He also reorganized provinces in Asia Minor before his untimely death, widely regarded as the ideal Roman general.

Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist known for his role in the unification of Italy (Risorgimento). He spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement and played a crucial role in achieving the independent and unified Italy, replacing the various separate states dominated by foreign powers. A fervent Italian nationalist and proponent of social-democratic republicanism, Mazzini's ideas greatly influenced European republican movements. His legacy extended to shaping the thoughts and actions of prominent figures such as Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, and Golda Meir.

Georg von Trapp was a highly successful officer in the Austro-Hungarian Navy during World War I, where he became known as the most accomplished submarine commander. His strategic skill and bravery led to the sinking of numerous Allied ships, earning him prestigious decorations. Following his military career, von Trapp faced financial challenges during the Great Depression and subsequently turned to music as a means of supporting his family. He later made the decision to emigrate to the United States.

Aldo Moro was an influential Italian statesman and prominent member of the Christian Democracy party. He served as Prime Minister of Italy in five terms during the 1960s and 1970s, implementing social and economic reforms that modernized the country. Moro also held key ministerial positions, including Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Justice and Public Education. He played a significant role in fostering the Historic Compromise with the Italian Communist Party, establishing himself as a leading figure in the modern Italian centre-left movement.

Pietro Badoglio was an Italian general who served in both World Wars and became the first viceroy of Italian East Africa. With the downfall of the Fascist regime, he transitioned into politics and eventually became the Prime Minister of Italy. Badoglio's professional life was marked by his military leadership and strategic decisions during wartime, as well as his role in governing Italian territories. His career showcased a blend of military prowess and political acumen in challenging historical contexts.

Matteo Renzi is an Italian politician who served as prime minister of Italy from 2014 to 2016. He has been a senator for Florence since 2018 and is the leader of Italia Viva since 2019. Renzi previously held positions as the president of the province of Florence and mayor of Florence. As the secretary of the Democratic Party, he became prime minister at a young age. Renzi's government focused on implementing reforms in areas such as electoral laws, labor laws, public administration, civil trials, and taxation.

Andrea Agnelli is an Italian businessman known for his leadership as chairman of Italian football club Juventus since May 2010. Under his presidency, Juventus achieved nine consecutive Serie A titles, multiple national doubles, and one domestic treble. Agnelli also led Juventus to European competitiveness, reaching UEFA Europa League semi-finals and UEFA Champions League finals. He was involved in various positions in organizations such as Exor, Stellantis, UEFA, and the European Club Association. Agnelli resigned in November 2022 amid the Plusvalenze investigation.

Luigi Di Maio is an Italian politician who has held various significant roles in Italian politics. He has served as the EU Special Representative for the Gulf region, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deputy Prime Minister of Italy, Minister of Economic Development, Labour and Social Policies, and Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies. Di Maio was the leader of the anti-establishment Five Star Movement but resigned amid internal conflicts. He later founded his own political group, Together for the Future, which was disbanded after a poor showing in the 2022 Italian general election.

Gabriele D'Annunzio was an Italian poet, playwright, journalist, and Royal Italian Army officer during World War I. He played a significant role in Italian literature from 1889 to 1910 and in its political scene from 1914 to 1924. Associated with the Decadent movement, his literary works were influenced by French symbolism and British aestheticism. Embracing Friedrich Nietzsche's ideas, D'Annunzio's politics shifted from socialism to nationalism, establishing the Italian Regency of Carnaro in opposition to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. His image evolved from a literary figure to a national war hero during the Great War.

Isabella d'Este was a prominent figure in the Italian Renaissance, known for her patronage of the arts and leadership in fashion. Her innovative style was widely emulated, earning her praise from poets and diplomats. She served as regent of Mantua during her husband's absence and her son's minority. Isabella was a prolific letter-writer, maintaining correspondence with prominent figures. With a fine classical education and connections to scholars and artists, she left a well-documented legacy through her extensive correspondence.

Gannicus, a Celtic slave, rose to prominence as one of the leaders of rebel slaves during the Third Servile War. He played a crucial role alongside Spartacus, Crixus, Castus, and Oenomaus in leading a significant detachment of rebels. In 71 BC, Gannicus and Castus broke away from Spartacus, leading a group of Celts and Germans. Their rebellion came to an end at the Battle of Cantenna in Lucania, where they were defeated by the forces of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Lucius Pomptinus, and Quintus Marcius Rufus.

Federica Mogherini is an Italian politician who held prominent roles in European and Italian politics. She served as the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission from 2014 to 2019. Mogherini was also Italy's Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. A member of the Democratic Party, she was previously a member of the Chamber of Deputies. In 2020, she became the rector of the College of Europe, a prestigious post-graduate university for European studies.

Rodolfo Graziani, a prominent Italian military officer, was known for his campaigns in Africa before and during World War II. As a dedicated fascist and key figure in the Italian military under Victor Emmanuel III, he played a crucial role in expanding the Italian colonial empire, particularly in Libya and Ethiopia. Graziani gained infamy for his brutal repression tactics, including the use of concentration camps and extreme measures against native resistance. Despite facing setbacks in World War II, he remained loyal to Mussolini, serving as Minister of Defence in the Italian Social Republic. Graziani's controversial career led to a brief imprisonment for collaboration with the Nazis and subsequent involvement in politics before his death in 1955.

Bettino Craxi was an Italian politician who served as the leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and as the 45th prime minister of Italy. He was the first PSI member to become prime minister and the second from a socialist party to hold the office. Craxi's government was one of the longest-lasting in the Italian Republic. He was known for his involvement in investigations on political corruption and illicit financing but maintained strong links with Western European left leaders. His assertive foreign policy often led to confrontations with the United States.

Matteo Salvini is an Italian politician serving as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Minister of Infrastructure and Transport since 2022. He has been Federal Secretary of Italy's Lega Nord party since 2013 and an Italian senator since 2018. Salvini represented Northwestern Italy in the European Parliament from 2004 to 2018. Known as a hardline Eurosceptic, he opposes illegal immigration and the EU's handling of asylum seekers. Salvini is considered a key figure in the populist wave in Europe, advocating for de-globalization and nativist stances.

Philip the Arab served as Roman emperor from 244 to 249. Born in Aurantis, Arabia, he rose to power after the death of Gordian III and quickly negotiated peace with the Persian Sassanid Empire. He celebrated Rome's millennium during his reign. Despite being betrayed and killed at the Battle of Verona in 249 by his successor, Gaius Messius Quintus Decius, Philip's five-year reign was marked by stability in a turbulent period. Some historical accounts suggest he may have been the first Christian emperor.

Gaius Sempronius Gracchus was a reformist Roman politician and soldier who served as a tribune in 123 and 122 BC. During his tribunate, he proposed significant laws aimed at social and political reform, including establishing colonies, land reform, judicial system reform, provincial assignments, and a subsidised grain supply for Rome. His actions led to political unrest, resulting in his death at the hands of his enemies. Despite this, most of his legislation remained intact, leaving a lasting impact on Roman politics and society.

Francesco I Sforza was an Italian condottiero who founded the Sforza dynasty in Milan, ruling as its duke from 1450 until his death. He participated in various military campaigns, including the War of L'Aquila and conflicts for the Papal States and Milan against Venice. Sforza played a key role in the Treaty of Lodi (1454), which brought peace to the Italian realms. His strategic alliances and military successes solidified his reputation as a skilled leader in the region.

Alessandro Pavolini was an Italian politician, journalist, and essayist known for his significant role within the Italian fascist government during World War II. He held various positions of authority, including serving as Minister of Popular Culture, where he promoted fascist ideology through propaganda and censorship. Pavolini was notorious for his brutal treatment of anti-fascist opponents, using violence and intimidation to suppress dissent. His actions as a key figure in the fascist regime contributed to the oppressive and authoritarian nature of the government during that period.

Giovanni Giustiniani Longo was a skilled Genoese nobleman and mercenary captain known for his valor and leadership during the siege of Constantinople in 1453. He played a crucial role in defending the city by commanding 700 men and leading the land forces protecting Constantinople. His strategic expertise and bravery were instrumental in the city's defense, showcasing his military prowess and dedication to his duty as a defender of Constantinople.

Flavius Aëtius was a Roman general and statesman during the closing period of the Western Roman Empire. He served as a military commander and held significant influence over the Empire for two decades. Aetius strategically managed policies in response to barbarian attacks and mustered a large Roman and allied army in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, successfully halting Attila's invasion of Gaul in 451. He is renowned for his role as a key figure in defending the Western Empire, earning him the title of "Last of the Romans."

Quintus Sertorius was a Roman general and statesman known for leading a rebellion against the Roman Senate in Hispania. He gained prominence during the Cimbrian War and served in the Social War. Sertorius joined Cinna and Marius in a civil war against Sulla, playing a key role in the assault on Rome. After being proscribed by Sulla, Sertorius returned in 80 BC to lead Marian and Cinnan exiles in a prolonged fight against the Sullan regime, utilizing irregular warfare tactics and forming alliances with various groups.

Publius Quinctilius Varus was a Roman general and politician who served under the first Roman emperor Augustus. He is best known for his role in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where he suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of Germanic tribes led by Arminius, resulting in the loss of three Roman legions. Varus tragically chose to take his own life to avoid capture after the defeat. This event would forever be remembered as a significant and humiliating moment in Roman military history.

Louis II, also known as the Younger, was the king of Italy and emperor of the Carolingian Empire. He co-ruled with his father Lothair I before ruling alone. Louis held titles such as imperator augustus and imperator Romanorum. He faced tensions with the Eastern Roman Empire after conquering Bari in 871. Referred to as imperator Italiae in West Francia and Basileus Phrangias by the Byzantines, Louis's reign in southern Italy was tumultuous, as noted by chronicler Andreas of Bergamo.

Giorgio Napolitano was an Italian politician who served as the 11th president of Italy from 2006 to 2015, being the first to be re-elected to the office. He was a member of the Italian Communist Party and its successors, known for his reformist and moderate stance. Napolitano held various political positions, including Minister of the Interior and President of the Chamber of Deputies. He played a crucial role in stabilizing Italy during the European debt crisis and political stalemates, earning both criticism and praise for his political influence.

Massimo Moratti is an Italian billionaire petroleum businessman with a background in the oil industry. He is known for being the former owner of Inter Milan and chairman of the Saras Group, which was founded by his father. The Saras Group operates the Sarroch refinery in Sardinia and has expanded into the production of electricity and alternative energy sources. Moratti served as the chairman of Internazionale for nearly two decades, making significant investments in the transfer market to bring in top football talent. He has also been recognized for his contributions to football and humanitarian efforts.

Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati is an accomplished Italian lawyer and politician with a notable career in government service. She has held various key positions, including Minister for Institutional Reforms and President of the Italian Senate. Notably, she made history as the first woman to hold the position of President of the Senate. Casellati is affiliated with the liberal-conservative party Forza Italia and has previously served as Undersecretary of Health and Justice. In 2022, she was nominated as the centre-right coalition's candidate for President of Italy.

Catiline was a Roman politician and soldier who rose to prominence by aligning himself with Sulla during the civil war. He became wealthy through Sulla's purges and held positions as praetor and governor of Africa. Facing legal challenges, he stood for the consulship twice but was unsuccessful. To seize power, he orchestrated the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to violently take control of Rome by uniting various factions against the republic. His rebellion was ultimately crushed, leading to his death and the annihilation of his army.

Italo Balbo was an Italian fascist politician and Blackshirts' leader who played a significant role in the rise of Benito Mussolini and the Fascists to power in 1922. He was a key figure in organizing the March on Rome and later became a prominent leader in the Italian Royal Air Force. Balbo also served as Governor-General of Italian Libya and Commander-in-Chief of Italian North Africa. He was known for popularizing aviation in Italy and promoting Italian aviation internationally. Balbo opposed Mussolini's alliance with Nazi Germany and tragically died in World War II due to friendly fire.

Luigi Cadorna was an Italian general and Marshal of Italy known for his role as Chief of Staff of the Italian Army during World War I. He commanded the Italian army on the Alpine front and the Isonzo river, earning a reputation for strict discipline and tough treatment of his troops. Cadorna achieved successes in containing the Strafexpedition and capturing Gorizia but was relieved of his position after a major defeat at the Battle of Caporetto in late 1917.

Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, was a renowned Italian noble and military leader who served as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands and Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Castro. Known for his strategic brilliance and organizational skills, Farnese successfully led the Spanish army in capturing over thirty towns in present-day Belgium during the Dutch revolt. His military and diplomatic victories played a crucial role in returning control of the southern provinces to Habsburg Spain, ultimately establishing the foundation for the nation of Belgium.

Fulvia was an influential Roman woman involved in politics during the Late Roman Republic. She was married to prominent political figures and played a crucial role in supporting their careers. Fulvia's active participation in political matters, particularly during the Perusine War, showcased her strong public voice and determination. Her involvement in Antony's career and the debates surrounding her political engagement before and during her marriages highlight her significant impact on Roman politics. Fulvia's presence on Roman coins signifies her historical importance as a non-mythological female figure in Roman society.

Pietro Paolo Mennea, known as "the Arrow of the South," was a renowned Italian sprinter and politician. His remarkable career was highlighted by his dominance in the 200m event, culminating in a gold medal at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Mennea set a world record of 19.72 seconds in September 1979, a record that remained unbroken for nearly 17 years. Notably, he was the sole male sprinter to qualify for four consecutive 200 meters Olympic finals, demonstrating his exceptional consistency and prowess on the track.

Mario Prada founded the fashion label Prada in 1913 with his brother Martino. Their shop in Milan initially sold leather goods and imported English steamer trunks and handbags. After Mario's son showed no interest, his daughter Luisa took over and ran the business for almost twenty years. Later, his granddaughter Miuccia Prada joined the company in 1970 and eventually succeeded her mother as the leader of the brand in 1978.

Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma was the head of the ducal House of Bourbon-Parma, known for his leadership in Carlism and his claim to the Spanish throne. He also served as a regent-claimant and later as a claimant under the name Javier I. Additionally, he was recognized for his involvement in the Sixtus Affair of 1916–1917 and the Halifax-Chevalier talks of 1940. In 1974, he became the pretender to the defunct throne of Parma, further solidifying his prominent role in European royal history.

Gaetano Mosca was an Italian political scientist, journalist, and public servant known for developing the elite theory and the doctrine of the political class. He is a prominent figure in the Italian school of elitism alongside Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels. Mosca's work focused on the role of elites in society and their influence on political systems. Through his research and writings, he made significant contributions to the understanding of power dynamics and governance structures, shaping political science discourse for generations to come.

Scipio Aemilianus was a distinguished Roman general and statesman known for his military successes in the Third Punic War and the Numantine War. He led the final conquest of Carthage and was a patron of writers and philosophers, notably supporting the Greek historian Polybius. In politics, he opposed the populist reforms advocated by his brother-in-law, Tiberius Gracchus. Scipio Aemilianus' legacy is defined by his military prowess, strategic leadership, and political discernment in ancient Rome.

Maria Pia of Savoy served as the Queen of Portugal as the wife of King Luís I. She was known for her involvement in various charitable and cultural initiatives during her time as queen. Maria Pia was also the grand mistress of the Order of Saint Isabel, highlighting her dedication to philanthropy and social causes. Her role as the third queen of the House of Savoy on the Portuguese throne solidified her place in history as a respected and influential figure in the royal court.

Pope Leo XI, born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, had a varied professional life within the Catholic Church. He served as Florence's ambassador to the pope, Bishop of Pistoia, Archbishop of Florence, Papal legate to France, and as the cardinal Prefect for the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. Despite resistance from his mother, he was ordained as a priest in 1567. His brief papacy of only 27 days in April 1605 remains one of the shortest in history, but his previous roles reflected a deep involvement in ecclesiastical affairs.

Francesco Crispi was an Italian patriot and statesman known for his role in the Risorgimento and as one of the architects of Italian unification. Serving as Prime Minister of Italy for a total of six years, he was the first prime minister from Southern Italy. Initially a democrat liberal, Crispi later adopted authoritarian tendencies and aligned himself with Otto von Bismarck. His career ended in controversy, marked by a major banking scandal and the defeat at the Battle of Adwa, leading to his fall from power. His leadership style has drawn comparisons to Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.

Mario Monti is an Italian economist and academic known for his significant contributions to the European Commission. He served as a European Commissioner overseeing various key sectors. Monti later assumed the role of Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013 during a critical period of the Italian debt crisis. He also played a role in academia, serving as rector and president of Bocconi University in Milan. Monti briefly led the centrist political party Civic Choice in Italy.

Luigi Einaudi was an Italian politician and economist who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Italian Republic. He served as the President of Italy from 1948 to 1955, contributing significantly to the nation's political and economic development during a crucial post-war period. Einaudi's expertise in economics and his dedication to public service were evident throughout his career, as he worked diligently to shape Italy's governance and economy, leaving a lasting impact on the country's history and legacy.

Ricimer was a Romanized Germanic general who rose to power through his position as magister militum of the Western Roman Empire. He effectively ruled the Western Empire from 456, controlling political affairs through puppet emperors. He defeated Avitus to secure his authority and later contended with Anthemius for power. Ricimer's death in 472 sparked unrest in Italy and paved the way for the establishment of a Germanic kingdom on the Italian Peninsula.

Tullus Hostilius was the third legendary king of Rome, known for his warlike nature and aggressive approach to governance. He sought out conflict and was even more militaristic than Romulus, the first king. He defeated Alba Longa, making it a vassal state of Rome, and established the college of the Fetiales to handle treaties on behalf of Rome. His reign lasted 32 years before his death, attributed to either angering Jupiter or succumbing to a plague. Tullus faced internal challenges, including a power struggle with Numa Marcius.

Carlo Azeglio Ciampi had a distinguished professional life as an Italian politician, statesman, and banker. He served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994, overseeing significant economic reforms. Ciampi later became the President of Italy, holding the office from 1999 to 2006. Throughout his career, he was known for his dedication to public service, financial expertise, and commitment to advancing the interests of Italy both domestically and on the international stage.

Alessandra Mussolini is a versatile professional with experience in acting, modeling, singing, and television. She has served in various political roles, including as a member of the Italian Parliament and the European Parliament. In 2004, she founded the national conservative political party Social Action and later held leadership positions within it. Mussolini briefly left politics for a reality television career but returned to her role as a Member of the European Parliament in 2022.

Giuseppe Conte is an Italian jurist, academic, and politician who served as prime minister of Italy from June 2018 to February 2021. He was the president of the Five Star Movement (M5S) from August 2021. Conte spent much of his career as a private law professor and was a member of the Italian Bureau of Administrative Justice. He became prime minister after being proposed as the independent leader of a coalition government between the M5S and the League following the 2018 Italian general election. Throughout his tenure, he introduced key reforms and implemented measures to address the COVID-19 pandemic.

Giorgia Meloni is an Italian politician serving as the prime minister of Italy since October 2022. She has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2006 and leads the right-wing Brothers of Italy party since 2014. Meloni has held various roles in student and youth movements before entering national politics. She served as the Italian Minister of Youth from 2008 to 2011 and has been actively involved in shaping conservative and nationalist policies, both domestically and internationally.

Narses was a prominent general in the service of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, alongside Belisarius, during the Roman reconquest under Justinian's reign. A Romanized Armenian, he served as a key eunuch in the imperial palace in Constantinople, playing a significant role in military campaigns and administrative affairs. Known for his strategic brilliance and loyalty to the emperor, Narses contributed greatly to the success of Justinian's efforts to reclaim territories and strengthen the Byzantine Empire during this period.

Francis V, Duke of Modena, was a reigning prince who held various titles including Duke of Modena, Reggio, Mirandola, Guastalla, Massa, and Prince of Carrara. He was the last reigning duke of Modena before the duchy was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. During his rule, he faced political challenges and changes as the Italian unification movement gained momentum. His professional life was marked by efforts to navigate these turbulent times and maintain his authority over his territories amidst shifting political landscapes.

Mara Carfagna is an Italian politician who transitioned from a career in television and modeling to politics. She served as a Minister for Equal Opportunity in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet and later became the vice president of the Chamber of Deputies. In 2021, she assumed the role of Minister for the South and territorial cohesion in the Mario Draghi cabinet. Carfagna has also been recognized for her beauty and has held prominent positions within the Forza Italia party, including being the spokeswoman of the parliamentary group at the Chamber of Deputies.

Cassiodorus, a Christian Roman statesman, scholar, and writer, served in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Despite "Senator" being part of his surname, it was not his rank. He founded the monastery Vivarium, also known as "Castellum," where he dedicated the last three decades of his life to scholarly pursuits. Cassiodorus' professional life was marked by his contributions to administration, scholarship, and religious work, making him a significant figure in the late Roman Empire.

Marcus Junius Brutus was a Roman politician and orator known for his pivotal role in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Early in his career, he opposed Pompey, whom he blamed for his father's death, but later sided with Caesar. Growing disillusioned with Caesar's autocratic rule, Brutus joined the plot to assassinate him. After Caesar's death, Brutus faced defeat in a civil war against Caesar's allies, ultimately taking his own life. His name has become synonymous with betrayal, yet he is also revered as a champion of freedom and republicanism.

Tancred was an Italo-Norman leader during the First Crusade. He later served as Prince of Galilee and regent of the Principality of Antioch. Tancred's leadership skills were evident in his strategic military campaigns and his role in governing the territories he controlled. He was known for his bravery in battle and his ability to inspire his troops. Tancred's influence extended beyond his military prowess, as he played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of the region during his time as Prince of Galilee.

Luciana Lamorgese is an Italian civil servant and prefect who notably held the position of Minister of the Interior in the governments of Prime Ministers Giuseppe Conte and Mario Draghi from 2019 to 2022. With a background in public administration and security, she has demonstrated a strong commitment to law enforcement and immigration policies during her tenure. Lamorgese's professional career showcases her dedication to upholding public order and safety, as well as her ability to navigate complex political landscapes to achieve effective governance.

Giovanni Leone was an Italian politician, jurist, and university professor. He was a founding member of Christian Democracy and held various high-ranking positions in Italian politics. Leone served as the President of Italy from December 1971 to June 1978, as well as Prime Minister in 1963 and 1968. Additionally, he was the President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1955 to 1963. Despite being the first Italian president to resign due to a scandal, he was later cleared of allegations of bribery in the Lockheed scandals.

Angelo Mozilo was a prominent figure in the mortgage industry, serving as the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Countrywide Financial. Under his leadership, Countrywide became a major lender of subprime mortgages, playing a significant role in the housing bubble that led to the Great Recession. Following the sale of Countrywide to Bank of America, Mozilo retired amid scrutiny and paid substantial fines to settle federal charges related to his conduct at the company. Despite his involvement in the housing crisis, he is respected by many in the industry.

Sandro Pertini was an Italian socialist politician and statesman known for his dedication to social justice and democracy. He played a significant role in Italian politics, serving as the president of Italy from 1978 to 1985. Throughout his career, Pertini advocated for workers' rights, fought against fascism during World War II, and promoted human rights and civil liberties. His leadership was marked by a commitment to equality, solidarity, and the well-being of the Italian people, earning him respect both domestically and internationally.

Vittorio Amedeo Colao is an Italian manager known for his significant contributions in the field of technology and digital innovation. He served as the Minister for Technological Innovation and Digital Transition in the government of Prime Minister Mario Draghi. Colao's extensive professional experience includes holding the position of chief executive officer at Vodafone Group for a decade, from 2008 to 2018. Throughout his career, he has demonstrated strong leadership skills and a deep understanding of the telecommunications industry, making him a respected figure in the business world.

Amadeo Bordiga was an Italian Marxist theorist known for founding the Communist Party of Italy and later becoming a leading figure in the Internationalist Communist Party. He was a revolutionary socialist and a member of the Communist International. Bordiga was initially associated with the PCdI but was expelled in 1930 on accusations of Trotskyism. He is regarded as a prominent figure in left communism in Europe, making significant contributions to Marxist theory and political activism throughout his career.

Silvio Berlusconi was an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as the prime minister of Italy in four governments, known for his populist style and brash personality. Rising to financial elite status in the late 1960s, he controlled Mediaset, owned AC Milan, and led the centre-right party Forza Italia. Berlusconi was a dominant figure in Italian politics for over fifteen years, facing controversies such as tax fraud convictions and accusations of authoritarian leadership and conflicts of interest due to his media ownership.

Bona of Savoy was Duchess of Milan and served as regent during her son's minority. She played a crucial role in governing Milan from 1476 to 1481, showcasing her leadership and administrative skills. Bona actively participated in political affairs, making significant decisions and implementing policies to ensure stability and prosperity in the region. Her dedication to her duties as regent demonstrated her commitment to serving the people of Milan and upholding the legacy of her late husband, Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza.

Giovanni Giolitti was a prominent Italian statesman who served as prime minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. He is known as the longest-serving democratically elected prime minister in Italian history. Giolitti was a master of trasformismo, forming centrist coalitions in politics. His era, known as the "Giolittian Era," was characterized by progressive social reforms and government intervention policies. Despite criticism from both left and right-wing critics, Giolitti's legacy remains a subject of intense debate among historians and writers.

Sergio Mattarella is an Italian politician, statesman, jurist, academic, and lawyer. He has held various prominent positions in Italian politics, including serving as the 12th president of Italy since 2015. Mattarella has been actively involved in political parties such as the Christian Democracy party, the Italian People's Party, and the Democratic Party. He has also served as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Defence, and as a judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy. Mattarella's tenure has been marked by significant events such as the Great Recession, the European migrant crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dino Grandi was a prominent figure in Italian politics during the Fascist era. He held several key positions, including minister of justice, minister of foreign affairs, and president of parliament. As a skilled politician, Grandi played a significant role in shaping the policies and direction of the Fascist government. His leadership and influence were instrumental in implementing various initiatives, both domestically and internationally. Grandi's career was marked by his unwavering dedication to advancing the goals and ideologies of the Fascist regime.

Marta Fascina is an Italian politician affiliated with Forza Italia, serving as a member of the Chamber of Deputies since the 2018 Italian general election. She holds a degree in literature from Sapienza University of Rome. Fascina has been active in politics and has gained recognition for her contributions to legislative matters and public service. She has demonstrated dedication to her role as a lawmaker and has been involved in various initiatives aimed at serving the interests of the Italian people.

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, known as "Ironhead" for his military career, ruled the Savoyard states from 1553 to 1580. He successfully recovered the state after the Battle of St. Quentin in 1557 and strategically moved its capital to Turin. Philibert was a skilled military commander, diplomat, and administrator, known for his efforts in strengthening Savoy's position and expanding its influence in the region. His leadership was marked by a focus on military prowess, statecraft, and the advancement of Savoy's political and strategic interests.

Pescennius Niger was a Roman usurper who claimed the imperial throne in 193 in response to political turmoil after the murder of Emperor Pertinax. He opposed the elevation of Didius Julianus and sought to establish his rule during the Year of the Five Emperors. In his brief reign, he faced a challenge from Septimius Severus, resulting in his defeat and eventual death while attempting to escape from Antioch. Pescennius Niger's professional life was marked by his bid for power and his ultimate defeat in the struggle for imperial authority.

Totila was a skilled military and political leader who served as the King of the Ostrogoths from 541 to 552 AD. He successfully reversed the tide of the Gothic War, reclaiming territories in Italy captured by the Eastern Roman Empire. Totila was known for his strategic prowess in battle, winning key engagements such as the Battle of Faventia and capturing important cities like Naples and Rome. Despite facing challenges from the Byzantines, Totila's leadership led to the reconquest of Italy and Sicily before his death in 552.

Lorenzino de' Medici, also known as Lorenzaccio, was an Italian politician, writer, and dramatist. He gained notoriety for assassinating his cousin, Alessandro de' Medici, the Duke of Florence in 1537. Lorenzino's actions were seen as a political move to restore the Florentine Republic. However, he was later murdered in retaliation for his deed in 1548. Despite his controversial actions, Lorenzino's professional life was marked by his involvement in political intrigue and his contributions to literature and drama.

Carla Gravina is an accomplished Italian actress and former politician. She has garnered recognition for her outstanding performances in various films throughout her career. Gravina's talent was acknowledged with a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for her role in La Terrazza (1980). Some of her other notable works include Love and Chatter (1957), Esterina (1959), and The Long Silence (1993). Additionally, Gravina has served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies, showcasing her dedication to both the arts and public service.

Benito Mussolini was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 until his deposition in 1943, as well as the Duce of Italian fascism from 1919 until his execution in 1945. Originally a socialist politician and journalist, Mussolini advocated military intervention in World War I, leading to his expulsion from the Italian Socialist Party. He founded the fascist movement, established a one-party dictatorship, and pursued expansionist policies in Africa and Europe, aligning Italy with Nazi Germany.

Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, was an officer in the Royal Italian Navy and a member of Italy's House of Savoy. He inherited the title Duke of Aosta in 1942 following the death of his brother. Aimone briefly served as the designated king of the Independent State of Croatia, taking the name Tomislav II, but later refused to assume the kingship due to political reasons. After the dismissal of Mussolini, he abdicated the throne on the orders of Victor Emmanuel III in 1943.

Bruno Platter served as the 65th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, holding the position for three terms before retiring in 2018 at the age of 74. Throughout his professional life, he demonstrated strong leadership and dedication to the Order's mission and values. Platter's tenure was marked by his commitment to upholding the traditions and principles of the Teutonic Order, ensuring its continued relevance and impact in the modern world. His contributions and service left a lasting legacy within the organization.