University Of Salamanca

Philippine politician Pedro Paterno was educated in Spain, where he graduated in philosophy and theology. He later became the prime minister of his country. A poet and novelist, too, he eventually became infamous as a traitor after supporting the U.S. and favoring American dominion during the Philippine–American War.

Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian Francisco Suárez was born to an affluent lawyer and had initially studied law. However, he joined the Jesuits later, following which he taught philosophy and theology. Known for writing Disputationes Metaphysicae, he was a prime figure of the School of Salamanca movement.

Son of a tax collector, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros spent 6 years in prison only because he wouldn’t give up on his claim to a rightful benefice. Part of the Spanish Inquisition, he opted for forced conversions of Muslims to Christianity, which caused the Moorish revolt of Moriscos.

A pioneer of modern anthropology and a renowned ethnographer, 16th-century Spanish priest and missionary Bernardino de Sahagún remains one of the greatest resources of the history of ancient Mexico. Best remembered for compiling Historia General and its manuscript the Florentine Codex, he developed the Aztec language Nahuatl.

Legend has it that Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada had inspired the character Don Quixote penned by Cervantes. Initially a lawyer, Quesada later gained fame as a Spanish conquistador and explored parts Colombia, then known as New Granada. He also made unsuccessful voyages in search of El Dorado.

Francisco J. Ayala is a Spanish-born American evolutionary geneticist and molecular biologist, best known for his investigation on the process of genetic variation and natural selection at molecular level. He also undertook research on public health, providing new ideas on the prevention and treatment of diseases and expounded how Darwin’s theory of evolution is well-matched to religious theory of creation.  

Spanish linguist, poet and humanist Antonio de Nebrija, considered the most influential Spanish humanist of his time, is noted for making significant contributions in the fields of grammar and lexicography. He is best known for authoring Gramática de la lengua castellana (Grammar of the Castilian Language), the first work that focused on the Spanish language and its rules.

Initially a theologian, Gaspar Sanz later went to Italy to study music and later also focused on literature. Best remembered for his works such as Instruccion de musica sobre la guitarra Espanola, he also developed the use of the classical guitar. He had also been an organist to the viceroy of Napoles.

One of the most significant Baroque playwrights of the Spanish Golden Age, Pedro Calderon de la Barca had penned iconic dramas such as Life Is a Dream and many religious plays and operas, too. Many of his works reflected the issues of a dysfunctional family, probably inspired by his own life.

Juan Donoso Cortés was a Spanish author, politician, diplomat, and Catholic political theologian. He is credited with influencing many intellects, including Carl Schmitt, Juan Vázquez de Mella y Fanjul, Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, and Miguel Antonio Caro Tobar. Considered a counter-revolutionary author, Juan Donoso Cortés' works have been translated into English.

John of Ávila, or the Apostle of Andalusia, was a prominent Spanish priest and preacher. Though he was supposed to be sent for missionary work to North America, he later stayed back in Spain, persuaded by the archbishop of Seville. He also wrote religious treatises such as Audi filia.

Gil Vicente was a Portuguese poet and playwright. He is considered the principal dramatist of Portugal and one of the greatest playwrights in Western literature. He is also renowned for his work in the Spanish language and is referred to as the Father of Spanish and Portuguese drama. Vicente is also counted among the leading figures of the Portuguese Renaissance.

Spanish Baroque poet Luis de Góngora created his own style known as Gongorismo. Born to a judge, he initially used his father’s library to gain knowledge. His works such as Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea and Soledades were criticized by many for their complex style and obscurity.

John of the Cross was a Spanish Catholic priest, mystic, and Carmelite friar. One of the 36 Doctors of the Church, he is a major figure of the Counter-Reformation in Spain. He was a prolific writer and poet, and his writings are counted among the greatest works of all Spanish literature. He was beatified in 1675 by Pope Clement X.

Spanish author Fernando de Rojas is remembered for his sole surviving work La Celestina, a tragic love story which was significant to the development of prose drama in Europe. A qualified lawyer, he had also served as lord mayor. He also ran into trouble with the Inquisition quite often.

Juan Ruiz de Alarcón was a Mexico-born Spanish dramatist, known for cultivating different variations of dramaturgy. He lived mostly in Spain, holding several governmental posts, concurrently writing plays not just for monetary gain, but also for his own enjoyment. Less prolific than his peers, he wrote around twenty-five plays, which are known for their superb plot and psychological subtlety.

Juan del Encina is largely regarded as one of the pioneers of Spanish drama. He had been the court poet/dramatist for the Duke of Alba. Some of his best-known works were compiled in Cancionero. His églogas often dealt with mythological themes that were previously found in the Italian works.

Eighteenth-century Spanish essayist Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro was a monk of the Benedictine order and also taught theology and philosophy at the University of Oviedo. He later wrote on a variety of subjects such as medicine, philology, and law, in Teatro crítico universal and Cartas eruditas y curiosas.

Trained in theology and law, Vasco de Quiroga was the second audiencia of New Spain and the Bishop of Michoacán. Considered as a humanist educator and a social reformer, he is believed to have worked diligently for the welfare of the Indian in Mexico, establishing two hospitals and also the Colegio de San Nicolás Obisbo for that purpose.

Carmen Martín Gaite graduated with romance philology when it was rare for women to attend universities. The Premio Nadal-winning author is best remembered for her iconic works such as Entre visillos and El balneario. She was also one of only two female Spanish Royal Academy members back in her time.

Diego de Torres Villarroel was a Spanish poet, writer, doctor, dramatist, mathematician, professor, and priest. He achieved popularity as a writer and he wrote on many subjects. Although he wrote numerous poems and plays, Diego de Torres Villarroel is best remembered for his autobiography titled Vida, ascendencia, nacimiento, crianza y aventuras del Doctor Don Diego de Torres Villarroel.

José Gutiérrez Solana was a Spanish engraver, painter, and author. Even though he is generally considered to be an Expressionist, his style was influenced by the works of Eugenio Lucas Velázquez and El Greco to a great extent. He struggled in his career as a young man but was eventually able to achieve fame throughout Europe. 

Luis Martín-Santos was a Spanish psychiatrist and writer. He is best remembered for his novel Tiempo de Silencio, which is widely regarded as one of the 20th century's most prominent Spanish novels. The novel is also credited with inspiring a film, which was directed by Vicente Aranda.