Famous Indonesian Leaders

Joko Widodo, also known as Jokowi, is an Indonesian politician and businessman who served as the seventh president of Indonesia. He rose to prominence through his roles as mayor of Surakarta and governor of Jakarta, where he focused on improving local politics, reducing corruption, and implementing programs to enhance the quality of life. During his presidency, Jokowi prioritized economic growth, infrastructure development, and ambitious health and education initiatives. Despite political challenges near the end of his second term, he was re-elected for a second five-year term.

Sukarno was an Indonesian statesman and nationalist who served as the first president of Indonesia from 1945 to 1967. He played a key role in Indonesia's struggle for independence from Dutch colonial rule, leading the nationalist movement and declaring independence in 1945. Sukarno implemented "Guided Democracy" to stabilize the country and pursued aggressive foreign policies promoting anti-imperialism and the Non-Aligned Movement. His presidency ended with a military overthrow in 1967 led by General Suharto, resulting in Sukarno's house arrest until his death in 1970.

B. J. Habibie was an Indonesian politician, engineer, and scientist who served as the third president of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999. He succeeded Suharto as president after a brief tenure as vice president. During his presidency, he implemented reforms such as liberalizing press and political party laws, ending Indonesian occupation of East Timor, and advancing democratic processes. Prior to his political career, Habibie played a key role in developing Indonesia's first domestic airplane, earning him the title "Father of Technology."

Abdurrahman Wahid, also known as Gus Dur, was an Indonesian politician and Islamic religious leader who served as the fourth president of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. He was a prominent figure within the Nahdlatul Ulama organization and the founder of the National Awakening Party. Wahid played a key role in promoting religious and cultural diversity in Indonesia by lifting the ban on Chinese New Year celebrations and establishing Confucianism as the sixth official religion. He was recognized for his efforts in protecting minority rights and promoting pluralism in the country.

Gajah Mada was a powerful military leader and mahapatih of the Javanese empire of Majapahit during the 14th century. Credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory, he delivered the Sumpah Palapa oath to conquer all of the Southeast Asian archipelago for Majapahit. Under his rule, Hindu epics like the Rāmāyana and the Mahābhārata became integral to Javanese culture through wayang kulit performances. Regarded as a national hero in Indonesia, he symbolizes patriotism and national unity. Historical accounts of his life and administration are sourced from various texts, including the Pararaton and the Nagarakretagama.

Abdul Haris Nasution was a prominent Indonesian general and politician who played a significant role in the country's military and political landscape. He served during the Indonesian National Revolution and held key positions within the military, including Chief of Staff of the army. He faced challenges, such as being suspended for his involvement in the 17 October affair and surviving an attempted coup in 1965. Nasution later assisted in the rise of President Suharto but eventually fell out of favor, becoming a political opponent before reconciling in the 1990s.

Mochtar Riady is an Indonesian financial magnate known for founding and chairing the Lippo Group. With a background in banking and finance, he has built a successful career in the business world. Riady's professional achievements include establishing a prominent presence in the financial sector and overseeing the growth and diversification of Lippo Group's business interests. As a respected figure in Indonesia's business community, he has made significant contributions to the country's economic development and played a key role in shaping its financial landscape.

Mohammad Hatta was an Indonesian statesman, nationalist, and independence activist. He served as the country's first vice president and third prime minister, playing a crucial role in the independence movement against the Netherlands. Known as "The Proclamator," Hatta was a key figure in the Indonesian national awakening and revolution. His political activism led to imprisonment in a concentration camp. He was instrumental in the proclamation of Indonesian independence, being the second person to sign the declaration alongside Sukarno, establishing him as one of the founders of Indonesia.

Sri Mulyani Indrawati is an Indonesian economist who has served as Minister of Finance of Indonesia in two separate terms, from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2016 to the present. She also held the position of managing director at the World Bank Group. Known for her tough reformist approach, she is credited with strengthening Indonesia's economy, increasing investments, and guiding the country through the 2007-2010 financial crisis. Despite facing criticism during the Bank Century scandal, she has been recognized as one of the most powerful women in the world.

Grace Natalie Louisa is an Indonesian politician with a background in television newsreading and journalism. She co-founded the Indonesian Solidarity Party (PSI) in 2014 and served as its leader until 2021. Throughout her career, Grace has been dedicated to promoting political engagement and advocating for social change. Her experience as a newsreader and journalist likely equipped her with strong communication skills and a deep understanding of media dynamics, which she likely utilized in her role as a political leader.

Sudirman was an Indonesian military officer and revolutionary who played a crucial role in the Indonesian National Revolution. He served as the first commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and was known for his leadership during the conflict with Dutch colonial forces. Sudirman's guerrilla campaign and strategic military activities helped develop the army's esprit de corps. His legacy is honored through various monuments, museums, and streets named after him, reflecting his enduring respect and recognition as a National Hero of Indonesia.

Jusuf Kalla is an Indonesian politician and businessman who has served as the 10th and 12th vice president of Indonesia. He made history by being the only vice president to serve two non-consecutive terms in office. Kalla was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential nominee in the 2009 election but later became Joko Widodo's running mate in the 2014 election. He is also the chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society since 2009. Kalla's popularity among likely voters positioned him as one of the top contenders for the presidency in a 2012 poll.

Adam Malik Batubara was an Indonesian politician, diplomat, and journalist who held various important positions throughout his career. He served as the Foreign Minister of Indonesia, President of the United Nations General Assembly, Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly and People's Representative Council, and eventually as the third Vice President of Indonesia. Malik was known for his active involvement in government, his criticism of corruption and feudalism within the government, and his contributions to the establishment of the Antara news agency.

Ibrahim Datuk Tan Malaka was a prominent Indonesian teacher, Marxist, philosopher, founder of Struggle Union and Murba Party. He was also known for his role as an independent guerrilla and spy, fighting for Indonesian independence. His dedication to the cause made him a national hero, with Tempo magazine recognizing him as the "Father of the Republic of Indonesia." Throughout his professional life, Tan Malaka played a crucial role in shaping Indonesian history through his political activism and advocacy for social change.

Megawati Sukarnoputri is an Indonesian politician who served as the country's fifth president and eighth vice president. She is Indonesia's first and only female president, as well as the fifth woman to lead a Muslim-majority country. Megawati played a key role in establishing the Corruption Eradication Commission and implementing a direct general election system in Indonesia. She is the current leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) and is recognized for her efforts in upholding the constitution, earning her the title "Mother of Upholding the Constitution."

Sutan Sjahrir was an Indonesian politician and revolutionary leader who served as the first Prime Minister of Indonesia from 1945 to 1947. He was a key nationalist organizer in the 1930s and 1940s, known for his non-cooperative stance against the Japanese during their occupation. Sjahrir played a crucial role in Indonesia's struggle for independence, negotiating important agreements such as the Linggadjati Agreement. He founded the Indonesian Socialist Party in 1948 to oppose the Communist Party, although his party was later banned in 1960.

Susi Pudjiastuti is an Indonesian entrepreneur known for her significant contributions in the maritime and fisheries industry. She served as the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries under President Joko Widodo's administration. Additionally, she is the owner of PT ASI Pudjiastuti Marine Product, a prominent seafood export company, and PT ASI Pudjiastuti Aviation, which operates Susi Air charter airline. Through her various ventures, Pudjiastuti has made a significant impact on Indonesia's economy and transportation sector, showcasing her entrepreneurial prowess and dedication to sustainable business practices.

Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto, known as H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto in Indonesia, was an influential nationalist leader. He played a key role in the Islamic Trade Union, which later transformed into Sarekat Islam. Tjokroaminoto's leadership within the organization helped advance nationalist ideals and advocate for the rights of Indonesian workers. Through his efforts, he became a prominent figure in the Indonesian nationalist movement, working tirelessly to promote the interests of the people and push for independence from colonial rule.

Ki Hajar Dewantara was a prominent figure in the Indonesian independence movement, known for his work as a writer, columnist, politician, and educator. He founded the Taman Siswa school to provide education for native Indonesians, challenging the limited educational opportunities available to commoners under Dutch colonial rule. His dedication to advancing education for all Indonesians earned him recognition as a National Hero of Indonesia. Ki Hajar Dewantara's contributions continue to inspire generations in the pursuit of independence and educational empowerment.

Suharto was an Indonesian military officer and politician who served as the second and longest-serving President of Indonesia. Leading Indonesia as an authoritarian regime from 1967 to 1998, his 31-year dictatorship was marked by brutal mass killings and widespread corruption. Suharto rose to power after countering an attempted coup in 1965, subsequently wresting power from Indonesia's founding president. Under his "New Order" administration, Suharto constructed a strong, centralized, military-dominated government, achieving economic growth and industrialization while facing criticism for his dictatorial rule and corruption.

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, commonly known as SBY, is an Indonesian politician and retired army general who served as the sixth president of Indonesia from 2004 to 2014. He founded the Democratic Party of Indonesia and led it until 2020. Yudhoyono also held key positions such as Coordinating Minister of Politics and Security Affairs. During his presidency, he played a crucial role in ending the Aceh Insurgency and was recognized internationally for his efforts in world peace missions. He received the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2014.

Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo is an Indonesian politician, businessman, and retired army general. He graduated from the Indonesian Military Academy and served in the Special Forces before leading the Strategic Reserve Command. Known as a right-wing nationalist, he founded the Gerindra Party in 2008. Prabowo has run for various political positions, including the vice presidency in 2009 and the presidency in 2014 and 2019. He was appointed as the Minister of Defense from 2019 to 2024. Prabowo won the 2024 presidential election and is set to take office as Indonesia's next president.

Mari Elka Pangestu is an Indonesian economist who has held significant roles in both government and international organizations. She served as the Managing Director of Development Policy and Partnerships at the World Bank from 2020 to 2023, overseeing development policy and partnerships. Prior to her World Bank appointment, Pangestu was the Minister of Trade in Indonesia from 2004 to 2011. She later became the Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy until 2014. Pangestu has extensive experience in policy-making, particularly in the areas of trade, tourism, and creative economy.

Hajjah Rangkayo Rasuna Said was a prominent figure in the fight for Indonesian independence and women's rights. She was actively involved in various political organizations and served as a member of the Provisional People's Representative Council and the Supreme Advisory Council. Rasuna Said advocated for women's rights, particularly in education and political participation. Her dedication to Indonesia's struggle for independence earned her recognition as a national heroine posthumously.

Mulan Jameela is a versatile individual known for her career as an Indonesian singer and politician. In 2019, she successfully transitioned into politics and became a member of the People's Representative Council representing West Java. She is affiliated with the Gerindra Party and has been actively involved in legislative duties. Mulan Jameela's professional life showcases her dedication to both music and public service, highlighting her commitment to making a positive impact in society through her various roles.

Puan Maharani Nakshatra Kusyala Devi is an Indonesian politician from the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). She has held various important positions in Indonesian politics, including serving as the Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs from 2014 to 2019. In 2019, she became the speaker of the House of Representatives, Indonesia's lower house. Puan has been actively involved in politics since being elected to the People's Representative Council in 2009 and has continued to make significant contributions to her party and the Indonesian government.

Yenny Wahid is an Indonesian Islamic activist, journalist, and politician. She serves as the director of The Wahid Institute, an Islamic research center established by her father, Abdurrahman Wahid. With a strong commitment to promoting religious tolerance and social harmony, Yenny has been actively involved in various initiatives aimed at fostering interfaith dialogue and understanding. Her work as a journalist has allowed her to amplify voices advocating for peace and inclusivity in Indonesian society, further solidifying her reputation as a respected figure in the field of Islamic activism.

Keumalahayati, also known as Malahayati, was a prominent figure in the 16th century as the admiral of the Aceh Sultanate navy in modern Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. She achieved the remarkable feat of becoming the first woman admiral in the modern world. Leading her troops, primarily consisting of widows and known as the "Inong Balee," she played a crucial role in defending and commanding the navy. Keumalahayati's professional life was characterized by strategic military leadership and a significant contribution to the Aceh Sultanate navy.

Hana Hasanah Shahab is an Indonesian politician and socialite who served as an Indonesian senator from Gorontalo from 2009 to 2014. She was re-elected for the 2014–2019 period but resigned in 2016 to run for Gorontalo governor candidate from the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). After losing the gubernatorial election in 2017, she joined the United Development Party (PPP) in 2018 to run for the People's Representative Council in the 2019 Indonesian general election but was unsuccessful in securing a seat.

Arung Singkang, a Bugis adventurer, served as the paramount leader of Wajo in the second quarter of the 18th century. Known for his leadership and bravery, he played a significant role in Indonesian history. Arung Singkang's professional life was characterized by his dedication to his people, his strategic decision-making, and his efforts to defend and advance the interests of the Wajo kingdom. His legacy continues to inspire Indonesians, and he is revered as a National Hero of Indonesia.

Rano Karno is an Indonesian actor and politician. He served as Governor of Banten from 2014 to 2017. Karno gained fame through his acting career, particularly for his role in the 1979 film Gita Cinta dari SMA. He has successfully balanced his roles in the entertainment industry and politics, showcasing his versatility and leadership skills. Karno's professional journey reflects his commitment to public service and his ability to engage with audiences both on screen and in government.

Retno Marsudi is an accomplished Indonesian diplomat serving as the Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2014, making history as the first woman appointed to the post. Prior to this role, she held positions as the Indonesian Ambassador to the Netherlands from 2012 to 2014 and previously served as Ambassador to Iceland and Norway from 2005 to 2008. With a strong background in diplomacy and international relations, she has played a significant role in representing Indonesia on the global stage.

Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo was a prominent Indonesian independence leader and political mentor to Sukarno. He co-founded the influential Indische Party, advocating for self-government in the Dutch East Indies. Despite exile and political bans, he remained actively involved in politics, founding the National Party of Indonesia. He was known for his dedication to improving the social conditions of peasants, receiving recognition for his efforts. His relentless pursuit of independence and commitment to social change made him a key figure in Indonesian history.

Mooryati Soedibyo was an influential Indonesian politician, businessperson, and member of the Surakarta Sunanate royal family. She founded Mustika Ratu cosmetics company and received recognition as Entrepreneur of the Year. Soedibyo held various positions such as president director of Mustika Ratu, Deputy Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly, and national director for Puteri Indonesia beauty pageant. She was known for her expertise in herbal medicine and traditional Javanese cosmetics. Soedibyo's professional life was marked by her contributions to business, politics, and preserving traditional knowledge.

Khofifah Indar Parawansa is an Indonesian politician with a distinguished career. She served as the Minister of Social Affairs from 2014 to 2018, where she demonstrated a commitment to addressing social welfare issues. Subsequently, she became the Governor of East Java, a position she held from 2019 to 2024. Throughout her professional life, Khofifah has shown dedication to public service and a strong focus on improving the lives of Indonesian citizens through her work in both the national and regional government levels.

Anies Baswedan is an Indonesian academic, activist, and politician who has held various significant roles throughout his career. He served as the Governor of Jakarta and Minister of Education and Culture in the Joko Widodo administration. Prior to his political career, he was a student activist and political analyst. Anies is also known for founding Indonesia Mengajar, a program that trains university graduates for a teaching mission. He has been a candidate for President of Indonesia in the 2024 election.

Tri Rismaharini is an Indonesian politician serving as the Minister of Social Affairs. She made history as the first female Mayor of Surabaya. A prominent figure in the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, she holds a leadership position in the central executive board. Throughout her career, Rismaharini has demonstrated a strong commitment to public service and has played a key role in shaping policies related to social welfare. With a focus on improving the lives of Indonesians, she continues to be a respected and influential figure in the political landscape.

Dede Yusuf is a prominent Indonesian actor recognized for his roles in action films and sinetrons. In addition to his successful acting career, he ventured into politics and served as a member of Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat from Partai Amanat Nasional between 2004 and 2009. He further contributed to public service as the Vice Governor of West Java province from 2008 to 2013. Dede Yusuf's versatile professional journey showcases his dedication to both the entertainment industry and public governance.

Alwi Abdurrahman Shihab is a prominent Indonesian scholar specializing in the interaction between Christian and Muslim communities. He has held key government positions, including Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare and Foreign Minister of Indonesia. Currently serving as the Indonesian President's special envoy to the Middle East and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Shihab's professional life has been marked by his dedication to fostering dialogue and collaboration between different religious groups and his significant contributions to Indonesian diplomacy.

Ruhut Sitompul is a prominent Indonesian lawyer, politician, and actor known for his high-profile legal cases and successful political career. He was elected twice to the People's Representative Council, showcasing his leadership abilities and dedication to public service. As a respected lawyer, he has represented numerous high-profile clients, including politicians, further establishing his reputation in legal circles. Additionally, his foray into acting on television has contributed to his widespread recognition and popularity in the media industry.

Raja Haji was a prominent Bugis warrior and crown prince of the Johor-Riau Sultanate. He gained recognition as an important freedom fighter known for his valor and leadership. Raja Haji led numerous raids against a Dutch fortress in Melacca, showcasing his strategic prowess and courage. Despite facing formidable opposition, he fearlessly fought against the Dutch forces until he was ultimately shot dead. His significant contributions to the resistance movement were later honored by the Indonesian government, who bestowed upon him the prestigious title of National Hero of Indonesia.

Utut Adianto Wahyuwidayat is an Indonesian politician and chess player. He has been a member of the People's Representative Council since 2009, representing the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle. Adianto also held the position of Deputy Speaker of the People's Representative Council from 2018 to 2019. Before venturing into politics, he had a successful career as a chess player, achieving the prestigious title of Grandmaster from FIDE in 1986. Adianto's professional journey has been marked by accomplishments in both politics and chess.

Hasan Tiro was the founder of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), leading the organization's separatist efforts against Indonesia in the 1970s. Following the Helsinki peace deal in 2005, GAM abandoned its separatist goals and disarmed. Tiro played a significant role in these negotiations. He returned to Indonesia and obtained his citizenship shortly before his death in 2010. Tiro's professional life was marked by his leadership in the movement for Aceh's independence, his involvement in peace negotiations, and his efforts towards reconciliation with the Indonesian government.

Adjie Massaid was a versatile Indonesian figure known for his work as an actor, model, and politician. He served as a member of the House of Representatives for two terms, from 2004 to 2009 and then from 2009 to 2014, representing the Democratic Party. Throughout his career, he made significant contributions to both the entertainment industry and the political landscape of Indonesia, showcasing his dedication to public service and his passion for his work in various fields.

Nadiem Anwar Makarim is an Indonesian politician and businessman who founded Gojek, the country's first startup valued over US$10 billion in 2010. He transitioned into politics and was appointed as the Minister of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of Indonesia by President Joko Widodo in October 2019. Prior to his governmental role, Nadiem resigned from his position at Gojek to serve in the cabinet, showcasing his dedication to both business innovation and public service.

Rachmat Witoelar is a prominent Indonesian politician with a background in architecture. He served as the State Minister of Environment of Indonesia from 2004 to 2009 and was involved in various political roles, including as a Member of Parliament representing the ruling party, Golkar. Witoelar also held positions such as chairman of House Commission V and Commission VI, as well as serving as the Indonesian ambassador to Russia and Mongolia. Additionally, he was elected as the president of the Thirteenth United Nations Framework Climate Change Conference in 2007.

Dani Anwar was an Indonesian politician who served as a Senator. He was known for his dedication to public service and commitment to improving the lives of his constituents. Throughout his career, Dani worked tirelessly to address issues affecting the Indonesian people, particularly during the challenging times of the COVID-19 pandemic. His leadership and advocacy were instrumental in shaping policies that aimed to enhance the well-being of the community. Dani's legacy as a respected and compassionate politician continues to inspire many.

Widyawati is an Indonesian actress with a successful career in the entertainment industry. Known for her talent and versatility, she has captivated audiences with her performances on screen. Throughout her career, Widyawati has portrayed a wide range of characters, showcasing her acting skills and earning critical acclaim. Her dedication to her craft and commitment to delivering memorable performances have solidified her reputation as a respected and accomplished actress in the Indonesian film industry.

Armida Alisjahbana is the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific. She is a professor at Padjadjaran University, Bandung, and has held the position of Vice Dean for Academic Affairs. Alisjahbana previously served as the State Minister for National Development Planning/Head of BAPPENAS in the Second United Indonesia Cabinet. She has a strong background in economics and has made significant contributions to policy-making and development planning in Indonesia.

Syahrul had a distinguished professional career as an Indonesian politician and educator. He notably served as the Mayor of Tanjungpinang, a key city in the Riau Islands, from 2018 until his unfortunate passing in 2020 due to COVID-19. Prior to becoming Mayor, he held the position of Vice Mayor of Tanjungpinang for five years. Syahrul's commitment to public service and leadership was evident throughout his tenure in local government, where he worked to improve the lives of the city's residents.

Emilia Contessa is a former Indonesian pop singer and actress who achieved fame for her melodious voice and captivating performances. Throughout her career, she released numerous hit songs that resonated with audiences across Indonesia. In addition to her success in the music industry, she also ventured into acting, showcasing her versatility and talent on screen. Emilia's contributions to the entertainment world have solidified her legacy as a prominent figure in Indonesian popular culture.

José Abílio Osório Soares was an influential Indonesian politician who served as the final governor of East Timor before its independence. He played a crucial role in the political landscape of the region during a significant period of transition. Soares was known for his dedication to public service and his efforts to navigate the complex process of East Timor's independence. His leadership and contributions to the political development of the region left a lasting impact on the country and its people.

Louise Elisabeth Coldenhoff had a distinguished professional career, beginning as one of the first twelve members of the Navy Women's Corps. She later transitioned to a role in education and culture, serving as the head of the Jakarta Regional Office of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Her tenure in this position lasted from 1983 to 1987, during which she worked under Governor Soeprapto. Coldenhoff's contributions to both the navy and the education sector highlight her dedication to public service and leadership.

Nadjmi Adhani was an Indonesian politician and civil servant, known for his role as the mayor of Banjarbaru in South Kalimantan. During his tenure, he gained recognition for his proactive response to the COVID-19 pandemic, being one of the first officials in Indonesia to enforce penalties for non-compliance with safety measures. Adhani's strong leadership was highlighted by his implementation of unique punishments for violators, such as push-ups. He ultimately succumbed to complications of COVID-19 after being diagnosed and isolated for two weeks.

Ibnu Saleh, an Indonesian politician and Nasdem Party member, dedicated his professional life to serving the Central Bangka Regency. He held positions as the deputy regent and then regent, contributing significantly to various committees including the Indonesian Youth Council and associations related to agriculture and forestry. Ibnu Saleh demonstrated strong leadership skills and a commitment to public service. Tragically, his life was cut short by COVID-19 just before reaching the age of 59.

Loa Sek Hie Sia was a prominent colonial Indonesian politician, parliamentarian, and founding chairman of the controversial ethnic-Chinese self-defense force Pao An Tui. He passionately fought against racial discrimination and advocated for improved healthcare and education for ethnic Chinese communities in the Dutch East Indies. Throughout his career, Loa Sek Hie worked tirelessly to promote the rights and welfare of ethnic Chinese individuals, leaving a lasting impact on the political landscape of the region.

Masud Yunus was a notable Indonesian politician who served as the mayor of Mojokerto from 2013 to 2018. He was affiliated with the Democratic Party of Struggle and played a significant role in Indonesian politics. Known for his dedication and leadership, Masud Yunus was a prominent figure in the political landscape. Unfortunately, his career was cut short when he succumbed to complications from COVID-19 during the pandemic in Indonesia. His contributions to public service and commitment to his constituents left a lasting impact on the community.

Adi Darma was an Indonesian politician and civil servant, affiliated with the Golkar Party. He began his career as a civil servant at the municipal government of Bontang after graduating from Mulawarman University. Darma served as the mayor of Bontang from 2011 to 2016 before losing the 2015 elections. He made another bid for mayor in 2020 but tragically passed away on 1 October of that year due to complications from COVID-19.

Manuel Carrascalão was an Indonesian parliamentarian and a prominent East Timorese independence leader. He played a key role in the popular self-determination consultation in 1999 and his house was attacked by militias opposed to Maubere independence. The attack led to the torture and killing of his son and other refugees. Carrascalão's leadership and advocacy for Timorese independence made him a significant figure in the country's history.