Died On July 27th

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi served as the last king of Iran from 1941 to 1979. During his reign, Iran witnessed rapid military and industrial modernization and several social and economic reforms. During his rule, Iran also enjoyed a spike in economic growth, surpassing France, England, and the US. However, the Iranian Revolution, which was unusual in many ways, overthrew the king.

James Mason was an English actor known for his work in both British cinema and Hollywood. One of the most bankable actors during the mid-1940s, Mason became the first person to be honored with the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film. He is credited with saving Buster Keaton's reels of nitrate film, which he discovered in Keaton’s previously owned house.

John Dalton was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist most famous for introducing the atomic theory into chemistry. He also contributed a lot to the study of color blindness, sometimes referred to as Daltonism in his honor. He was the first scientist to refer to the smallest particle of matter as an “atom.” He was a Quaker and lived modestly. 

Kevin Carter was a South African photojournalist whose photograph titled the vulture and the little girl, which depicted the 1993 famine in Sudan, earned him the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography in 1994. Carter committed suicide in 1994 after suffering from depression. A book titled The Bang Bang Club, which was later made into a film, depicts his story.

Garrett Morgan is remembered for inventing the Morgan safety hood, which served as a prototype for later gas masks. He also invented the T-shaped traffic signal and a range of hair-care products, such as hair straightening creams. An NAACP member, he also launched a newspaper to cater to African-Americans.

Gertrude Stein was an American playwright, novelist, poet, and art collector. She is remembered for publishing works about lesbian sexuality, which was considered a taboo at that time. Over the years, Gertrude Stein has been the subject of several works of art. In the 2011 movie Midnight in Paris, Stein was portrayed by Kathy Bates.

William Wyler was a Swiss-German-American film producer and director. He is remembered for winning the Oscar for Best Director on three occasions. Wyler holds a record 12 nominations for the Oscar for Best Director. He is credited with helping numerous actors achieve stardom. Fourteen performers, including Audrey Hepburn, Bette Davis, and Olivia de Havilland won Oscars under William Wyler's direction.

Born to an American father and a Canadian mother, Maury Chaykin grew up to be a popular character actor, who gained accolades with films such as Dances with Wolves and Whale Music. He also breathed life into the roles of driving-school owner Sam Blecher and detective Nero Wolfe.

US major general and military aviator Claire Lee Chennault is remembered for commanding the US Army Air Forces in China during WWII. He also formed the American Volunteer Group known as the Flying Tigers. He launched the commercial airline Civil Air Transport, which later became known as Air America.

Born in Hungary, Miklós Rózsa was a music prodigy and learned to play the violin at age 5. After studying music in Germany, he pursued his music career in France, the UK, and the US. He is remembered for his Academy Award-winning scores in movies such as Ben-Hur and Spellbound.

One of the most significant Russian romantic authors of the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, Mikhail Lermontov is remembered for his iconic novel A Hero of Our Time. His initial poems, such as Prisoner of the Caucasus, were highly Byronic. His writings laid the foundation for the Russian psychological novel.

A pioneering medieval Bulgarian saint, Clement of Ohrid was a student of saints Cyril and Methodius. He inspired a huge number of Slavs to follow Christianity. He was also the Bulgarian Orthodox Church’s first bishop and one of its Seven Apostles. He is remembered as the patron saint of North Macedonia.

Born to musician parents in Italy, Ferruccio Busoni was a child prodigy, having begun composing at the age of 7. He grew up to be a piano professor in Finland, and his work later took him to Moscow and the U.S. He is remembered for his opera and chamber pieces.

Emil Theodor Kocher was a Swiss medical researcher and physician. In 1909, Kocher became the first surgeon and first Swiss citizen to receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He earned the prize for his work in the pathology, physiology, and surgery of the thyroid. He was widely regarded as a leader and pioneer in the field of surgery.

Also known as Gerard of Burgundy, Pope Nicholas II headed the Catholic Church in the 11th century. He not only increased papal influence in Italy but also brought about a change in the election procedure of popes, shifting the power of electing popes from the Roman aristocracy to cardinals.

After her father died, Joanna I was made the heir to the throne of Naples by her grandfather, King Robert the Wise. Her life was marred by the murder of her first husband and the attacks of the Hungarian king Louis I. She was eventually imprisoned and killed by Charles of Durazzo.

Jeanne Modigliani was an Italian-French Jewish art historian. She was the daughter of artists Amedeo Modigliani and Jeanne Hébuterne. She lost both her parents as a small child and was adopted by her aunt. She conducted extensive biographical research on her father years after his death and published the book Modigliani: Man and Myth.   

Max Dupain began clicking pictures with his first camera at age 13. Mostly a landscape photographer, his works mirror the geometry of his industrial subjects. His best-known works include Sunbaker and Bondi. He was also made an OBE. He was married to pioneering photographer Olive Cotton.